Эволюция взглядов на диагностику и лечение лимфомы Беркитта

КЛИНИКА, ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЛИМФОИДНЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ , , ,

Т.Т. Валиев1, Е.А. Барях2

1 НИИ детской онкологии и гематологии ФГБУ «Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина» РАМН, Москва, Российская Федерация

2 ФГБУ «Гематологический научный центр» МЗ РФ, Москва, Российская Федерация

РЕФЕРАТ

В историческом аспекте освещены вопросы диагностики и лечения наиболее агрессивной лимфоидной опухоли — лимфомы Беркитта (ЛБ). Представлены клинико-лабораторные особенности эндемического и спорадического вариантов ЛБ. Описаны возможные механизмы участия вируса Эпштейна—Барр и Plasmodium falciparum в патогенезе опухоли. Приведены основные морфологические, иммунологические и цитогенетические диагностические критерии. Рассмотрены вопросы дифференциальной диагностики с гетерогенной группой диффузных В-крупноклеточных лимфом и высокоагрессивными зрелоклеточными лимфомами из В-клеток с дополнительными аберрациями протоонкогенов («double hit» и «triple hit» лимфомы). Отдельное внимание в статье уделено вопросам терапии ЛБ и месту в ней ритуксимаба.

Ключевые слова: лимфома Беркитта, клиника, диагностика, лечение.

Читать статью в PDFpdficon

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br. J. Surg. 1958; 46: 218–23.
  2. O’Conor G.T. Malignant lymphoma in African children. A pathology entity. Cancer 1961; 14: 270–83.
  3. Young L.S., Mussay P.G. Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenesis: form latent genes to tumours. Oncogene 2003; 22: 5108–21.
  4. Gulley M.L. Molecular diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases. J. Mol. Diagn. 2001; 3: 1–10.
  5. Epstein M.A., Achong B.R., Barr Y.M. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s lymphoma. Lancet 1964; 1: 702–3.
  6. Dorfman R.S. Childhood lymphosarcoma in St. Louis, Missouri, clinically and histologically resembling Burkitt tumor. Cancer 1965; 18: 418–30.
  7. Rappapоrt H., Braylan R. Changing concepts in the classification of malignant neoplasms of the hemopoetic system. Int. Acad. Pathol. 1975; 16: 1–19.
  8. The non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma pathologic classification project. National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: summary and description of a working formulation for clinical usage. Cancer 1982; 49: 2112–35.
  9. Lennert K., Feller A.C. Histopathology of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (Based on the Updated Kiel Classification). Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1992: 312.
  10. Harris N.L., Jaffe E.S., Dejbold J. et al. The World Health Organization Classification of Neoplastic Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Ann. Oncol. 1999; 10: 1419–32.
  11. Swerdlow S.H., Campo E., Harris N.L. et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoetic and Lymphoid tissues, 4th edn. Lyon: IARC Press, 2008: 439.
  12. Agugua N.E., Okeahialam T. Malignant diseases of childhood seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. East. Afr. Med. J. 1986; 63: 717–23.
  13. De The G. Epidemiologie of Burkitt’s lymphoma: evidence for a casual association with EBV. Epidemiol. Rev. 1979; 36: 692–8.
  14. Oguonu T., Emodi E., Kaine W. Epidemiologie of Burkitt’s lymphoma in Enugu, Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 2002; 22: 369–74.
  15. Kasili E.G. Paediatric malignancy in tropical Africa — a growing concern. East. Afr. Med. J. 1986; 63: 685–6.
  16. Parkin D.M., Stiller C.A., Draper G.J. et al. The international incidence of childhood cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 1988; 42: 511–20.
  17. Magrath I.T. Malignant Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas in Children. Pediatr. Oncol. 2002; 119: 661–705.
  18. Zeigler J. Burkitt’s lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1981; 305: 735–45.
  19. Shannon-Lowe C., Adland E., Bell A.I. et al. Features distinguishing EpsteinBarr virus infections of epithelial cells and B cells: viral genome expression, genome maintenance and genome amplification. J. Virol. 2009; 83: 7749–60.
  20. Richinson A. Epstein-Barr virus. Virus Res. 2002; 82: 109–13.
  21. Thorley-Lawson D.A. Epstein-Barr virus: exploiting the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2001; 1: 75–82.
  22. Kelly G., Bell A., Rickinson A. Epstein-Barr virus-associated Burkitt lymphoma genesis selects for down-regulation of the nuclear antigen EBNA2. Nat Med. 2002; 8(10): 1098–104.
  23. Гурцевич В.Э. Роль вируса Эпштейна—Барр в онкогематологиче- ских заболеваниях человека. Клин. онкогематол. 2010; 3(3): 222–35. [Gurtsevich V.E. Role of Epstein—Barr virus in human hematological malignancies. Klin. onkogematol. 2010; 3(3): 222–35. (In Russ.)].
  24. Bornkamm G.W. Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma: more questions than answers. Int. J. Cancer. 2009; 124(8): 1745–55.
  25. Raab-Traub N., Flynn K. The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation. Cell 1986; 47: 883–9.
  26. Klein U., Klein G., Ehlin-Henriksson B. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma is a malignancy of mature B-cells expressing somatically mutated V region genes. Mol. Med. 1995; 1: 495–506.
  27. Henderson S., Rowe M., Gregory C. et al. Induction of bcl-2 expression by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 protects infected B cells from programmed cell death. Cell 1991; 65(7): 1107–15.
  28. Preudhomme C., Dervite I., Wattel E. et al. Clinical significance of p53 mutations in newly diagnosed Burkitt’s lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of 48 cases. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995; 13: 812–20.
  29. Schoch C., Reider H., Stollman-Gibbels B. et al. 17p anomalies in lymphoid malignancies: Diagnostic and prognostic implications. Leuk. Lymphoma 1995; 17: 271–9.
  30. Mawanda O.W. Aspects of epidemiological and clinical features of patients with central nervous system Burkitt’s lymphoma in Kenya. East. Afr. Med. J. 2004; 8: 97–103.
  31. Mawanda O.W. Clinical characteristics of Burkitt’s lymphoma seen in Kenyan patients. East. Afr. Med. J. 2004; 8: 78–89.
  32. Donati D., Zhang L.P., Chene A. et al. Identification of a polyclonal B-cell activator in Plasmodium falciparum. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72: 5412–8.
  33. Chene A., Donati D., Guerreiro-Cacais A.O. et al. A molecular link between malaria and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. PLoS Pathog. 2007; 3: 80.
  34. Magrath I. Epidemiology: clues to the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 2012; 156(6): 744–56.
  35. Morrow R.H., Gutensohn N., Smith P.G. Epstein-Barr virus-malaria interaction models for Burkitt’s lymphoma: implications for preventive trials. Cancer Res. 1976; 36: 667–9.
  36. Amusa Y.B., Adediran I.A., Akinpelu V.O. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the head and neck region in a Nigeria tertiary hospital. East. Afr. J. Med. 2005; 24(3): 139–42.
  37. Blum K.A., Lozansky G., Byrd J. Adult Burkitt’s leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 2004; 20: 32–7.
  38. Warnke R., Weiss L., Chan J. et al. Atlas of Tumor Pathologie. Tumors of the Lymph Nodes and Spleen. Washington: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1999: 221–32.
  39. Kittivorapart J., Chinthammitr Y. Incidence and risk factors of bone marrow involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2011; 94(Suppl. 1): S239–45.
  40. Ziegler J.L., Morrow R.H., Fass L. et al. Treatment of Burkitt’s lymphoma tumor with cyclophosphamide. Cancer 1970; 26(2): 474–84.
  41. Janota I. Involvement of the nervous system in malignant lymphoma in Nigeria. Br. J. Cancer 1966; 20: 47.
  42. Booth K., Burkitt D.P., Basset D.J. et al. Burkitt lymphoma in Papua, New Guinea. Br. J. Cancer 1967; 21: 657–64.
  43. Sariban E., Edwards S., Janus C. et al. Central nervous system involvement in American Burkitt’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 1983; 1: 677–80.
  44. Wright D.H. Burkitt’s tumor. A post modern study of 50 cases. Br. J. Surg. 1964; 51: 245.
  45. Thomas D., Cortes J., O’Brien S. et al. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt’s type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999; 17: 2461–70.
  46. Murphy S., Fairclough D., Hutchison R. et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood: An analysis of the histology, staging and response to the treatment of 338 cases at a single institution. J. Clin. Oncol. 1989; 7: 186–93.
  47. Klumb C.E., Resende L.M., Stefanoff C.G. et al. Burkitt-like lymphoma in an infant: a case report. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S. Paulo. 2003; 58(1): 33–6.
  48. Hutchinson R.E., Murphy S.B., Fairclough D.L. et al. Diffuse small noncleaved cell lymphoma in children, Burritt’s versus non-Burritt’s types. Results from the Реdiatric Oncology Group and St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Cancer 1989; 64: 23–8.
  49. Ferry J.A. Burkitt’s Lymphoma: Clinicopathologic Features and Differential Diagnosis. Oncologist 2006; 11: 375–83.
  50. Shad A., Magrath I. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Pediatr. Clin. N. Am. 1997; 44: 863–90.
  51. Boerma E.G., van Imhoff G.W., Appel I.M. et al. Gender and age-related differences in Burkitt lymphoma—epidemiological and clinical data from The Netherlands. Eur. J. Cancer 2004; 40: 2781–7.
  52. Huisman T., Tschirch F., Schneider J.F. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma with bilateral cavernous sinus and mediastinal involvement in a child. Pediatr. Radiol. 2003; 33: 719–21.
  53. Braziel R.M., Arber D.A., Slovac M.L. et al. The Burkitt-like lymphoma: a Southwest Oncologie Group study delineating phenotypic, genotypic and clinical features. Blood 2001; 97(12): 3713–20.
  54. Cheung C.W., Burton C., Smith P. Central nervous system chemoprophylaxis in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: current practice in the UK. Br. J. Haematol. 2005; 13(2): 193–200.
  55. McWilliams N., Hatfield W., Jackson R. Epidemiological notes and reports on Burkitt’s lymphoma. Winchester, Virginia. Morbil. Mortal. Wkly. 1997; 46: 4674–8.
  56. Барях Е.А., Кравченко С.К., Обухова Т.Н. и др. Лимфома Беркитта: клиника, диагностика, лечение. Клин. онкогематол. 2009; 2(2): 137–47. [Baryakh Ye.A., Kravchenko S.K., Obukhova T.N et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma: clinical presentation, diagnosis, management. Klin. onkogematol. 2009; 2(2): 137–47. (In Russ.)].
  57. Malani A.K., Gupta C., Weigand R.T. et al. Spinal Burkitt’s lymphoma in adults. Clin. Lymph. Myel. 2006; 6(4): 333–6.
  58. Mizugami T., Mikata A., Hajikano H. et al. Primary spinal epidural Burkitt’s lymphoma. Surg. Neurol. 1987; 28(2): 158–62.
  59. Ses E., N’dri Oka D., Varlet G. et al. Medullary compression by Burkitt lymphoma. Analysis of 7 cases. Neurochirurgie 2001; 47(6): 552–6.
  60. Wilkening A., Brack M., Brandis A. et al. Unusual presentation of a primary spinal Burkitt’s lymphoma. J. Neurol. Neurochirurg. Psychiatry 2001; 70(6): 794–7.
  61. Holland J., Cada M., Ling S. et al. Melena: a rare presentation of childhood Burkitt’s lymphoma. CMAJ 2005; 173(3): 247–8.
  62. Saton S., Saito T., Akiba J. et al. Burkitt lymphoma occurring as a primary lymphomatous effusion. Rinsho Ketsueki 2000; 41(4): 329–33.
  63. Blanc S., Bertrand Y., Lorthois-Ninou S. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma revealed by a rectal tumor. Arch. Pediatr. 2002; 9(10): 1056–8.
  64. Rakoto-Ratsimba H.N., Razafimahandry H.J.C., Samison L.H. et al. A case of anal Burkitt’s lymphoma. Ann. Chir. 2003; 128(4): 265–7.
  65. Meshref M., Sassolas F., Schell M. et al. Primary cardiac Burkitt lymphoma in a child. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2004; 42(4): 380–3.
  66. Baloglu H., Turken O., Turuncu L., Kizilkaya E. 24-year-old female with amenorhea: bilateral primary ovarian Burkitt lymphoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 2003; 91(2): 449–51.
  67. Grassi M., Lee A.G. Lymphomatous meningitis of the Burkitt type presenting with multiple cranial neuropathies. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2002; 133(3): 424–5.
  68. Ardekian L., Rachmiel A., Rosen D. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the oral cavity in Israel. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg. 1999; 27(5): 294–7.
  69. Барях Е.А., Красильникова Б.Б. Поражение лицевого скелета при спорадическом варианте лимфомы Беркитта. В кн.: Редкие гематологические болезни и синдромы. Под ред. М.А. Волковой. М.: Практическая медицина, 2011: 311–9. [Baryakh Ye.A., Krasilnikova B.B. Porazheniye litsevogo skeleta pri sporadicheskom variante limfomy Berkitta. V kn.: Redkiye gematologicheskiye bolezni i sindromy. Pod red. M.A. Volkovoy (Involvement of facial skeleton in sporadic variant of Burkitt’s lymphoma. In: Rare hematological disorders and syndromes. Ed. by: M.A. Volkova). M.: Prakticheskaya meditsina, 2011: 311–9.]
  70. Banthia V., Jen A., Kacker A. Sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma of the head and neck in the pediatric population. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67(1): 59–65.
  71. Bauer G.P., Volk M.S., Siddiqui S. Burkitt’s lymphoma of the parapharingeal space. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1993; 119(1): 117–20.
  72. Барях Е.А., Валиев Т.Т., Звонков Е.Е. и др. Интенсивная терапия лимфомы Беркитта: описание двух клинических случаев. Гематол. и транс- фузиол. 2007; 1: 41–3. [Baryakh Ye.A., Valiyev T.T., Zvonkov Ye.Ye. et al. Intensive therapy for Burkitt’s lymphoma: presentation of two clinical cases. Gematol. i transfuziol. 2007; 1: 41–3. (In Russ.)].
  73. Shukla N., Trippett T. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children and adolescents. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 2006; 8(5): 387–94.
  74. Evans J.A., Gribb D.M., Holland F.J. et al. Malignancies in UK in children with HIV infection acquired from mother to child transmission. Arch. Dis. Child. 1997; 76: 330–3.
  75. Subar M., Neri A., Inghirami G. et al. Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 1988; 72: 667–71.
  76. Beral V., Petrman T., Berkelman R. et al. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lancet 1991; 337: 805–9.
  77. Carbone A., Gloghini A., Gaidano G. et al. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma. Morphologic and immunophenotypic study of biopsy specimens. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1995; 103: 561–7.
  78. Kasamon Y.L., Swinnen L.J. Treatment advances in adult Burkitt lymphoma and leukemia. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2004; 16: 429–35.
  79. Knowles D.M. Etiology and pethogenesis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2003; 17: 785–820.
  80. Martinez-Maza O., Breen E.C. B-cell activation and lymphoma in patients with HIV. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2002; 14: 528–32.
  81. Mbulaiteye S.M., Clarke C.A., Morton L.M. Burkitt lymphoma risk in U.S. solid organ transplant recipients. Am. J. Hematol. 2013; 88: 245.
  82. Gong J.Z., Stenzel T.T., Bennet E.R. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma arising in organ transplant recipients: a clinicopathologic study of five cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003; 27(6): 818–27.
  83. Davi F., Delecluse H.J., Guiet P. et al. Burkitt-like lymphomas in AIDS patients: characterisation within a series of 103 human immunodeficiency virusassociated non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Burkitt’s Lymphoma Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998; 16: 3788–95.
  84. Барях Е.А., Кравченко С.К., Кременецкая А.М. и др. Лейкоз/лимфома Беркитта: клинические особенности, диагностические критерии, терапевтическая тактика. Клин. онкогематол. 2010; 3(2): 138–43. [Baryakh Ye.A., Kravchenko S.K., Kremenetskaya A.M. et al. Burkitt’s lymphoma: clinical features, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approach. Klin. onkogematol. 2010; 3(2): 138–43. (In Russ.)].
  85. Валиев Т.Т., Морозова О.В., Попа А.В. и др. Результаты лечения лимфомы Беркитта у детей. Гематол. и трансфузиол. 2012: 57(3): 34–5. [Valiyev T.T., Morozova O.V., Popa A.V. et al. Therapeutic outcomes in childhood Burkitt’s lymphoma. Gematol. i transfuziol. 2012: 57(3): 34–5. (In Russ.)].
  86. Ковригина А.М., Пробатова Н.А. Лимфома Ходжкина и крупноклеточные лимфомы. М.: МИА, 2007: 212. [Kovrigina A.M., Probatova N.A. Limfoma Khodzhkina i krupnokletochnye limfomy (Hodgkin’s lymphoma and large-cell lymphomas). M.: MIA, 2007: 212.]
  87. Тупицын Н.Н., Шолохова Е.Н., Андреева Л.Ю. и др. Иммунодиагностика лимфом. Совр. онкол. Экстравыпуск 2002: 4–12. [Tupitsyn N.N., Sholokhova Ye.N., Andreyeva L.Yu. et al. Immunodiagnosis of lymphomas. Sovr. onkol. Ekstravypusk 2002: 4–12. (In Russ.)].
  88. Луговская С.А., Почтарь М.Е., Тупицын Н.Н. Иммунофенотипиро- вание в диагностике гемобластозов. М., 2005. [Lugovskaya S.A., Pochtar M.Ye., Tupitsyn N.N. Immunofenotipirovaniye v diagnostike gemoblastozov (Immunophenotyping in diagnosis of hematological malignancies). M., 2005.]
  89. Zech L., Haglund U., Nilsson. et al. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities in biopsies and lymphoid-cell lines from patients with Butkitt and non-Burkitt lymphomas. Int. J. Cancer 1976; 17: 47–56.
  90. Croce C. Role of chromosome translocations in human neoplasia. Cell 1987; 49(2): 155–6.
  91. Showe L.C., Moore R.C., Erikson J. et al. MYC oncogene involved in a t(8;22) chromosome translocation is not altered in it’s putative regulatory regions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1987; 84(9): 2824–8.
  92. Tagawa H., Ikeda S., Sawada K. Role of microRNA in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2013; 10: 121–6.
  93. Sander S., Calado D.P., Srinivasan L. et al. Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2012; 22(2): 167–79.
  94. Love C., Sun Z., Jima D. The genetic landscape of mutations in Burkitt lymphoma. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(12): 1321–5.
  95. Green T.M., Nielsen O., de Stricker K. et al. High levels of nuclear MYC protein predict the presence of MYC rearrangement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2012; 36(4): 612–9.
  96. Aukema S.M., Siebert R., Schuuring E. et al. Double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2011; 117(8): 2319–31.
  97. Ben-Neriah S., Woods R., Steidl C. et al. Lymphomas with concurrent BCL2 and MYC translocations: the critical factors associated with survival. Blood 2009; 114: 2273–9.
  98. Johnson N.A., Savage K.J., Ludkovski O. et al. Lymphomas with concurrent BCL2 and MYC translocations: the critical factors associated with survival. Blood 2009; 114: 2273–9.
  99. Aukema S.M., Siebert R., Schuuring E. et al. Double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2011; 117: 2319–31.
  100. Niitsu N., Okamoto M., Miura I. et al. Clinical features and prognosis of de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with t(14;18) and 8q24/c-MYC translocations. Leukemia 2009; 23: 777–83.
  101. Salaverria I., Siebert R. The gray zone between Burkitt’s lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from a genetics perspective. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29: 1835–43.
  102. Snuderl M., Kolman O., Chen Y. et al. B-cell Lymphomas with Concurrent IGH-BCL2 and MYC Rearrangements Are Aggressive Neoplasms with Clinical and Pathologic Features Distinct from Burkitt Lymphoma and Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010; 34(3): 327–40.
  103. Tomita N. BCL2 and MYC Dual-Hit Lymphoma/Leukemia. J. Clin. Exp. Hematopathol. 2011; 51(1): 7–12.
  104. Pillai R.K., Sathanoori M., Van Oss S.B. Double-hit B-cell Lymphomas With BCL6 and MYC Translocations Are Aggressive, Frequently Extranodal Lymphomas Distinct From BCL2 Double-hit B-cell Lymphomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2013; 37(3): 323–32.
  105. Nakayama S., Yokote T., Iwaki K. Triple-hit B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma associated with a novel complex karyotype including t(2;3)(q21;q27), t(8;14)(q24;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21). Br. J. Haematol. 2013; 160(5): 569.
  106. Deibold J. Burkitt lymphoma. In: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Ed. by E. Jaffe, N. Harris et al. Washington: IARC Press, 2001: 181–4.
  107. Baccarani M., Corbelli G., Amadori S. et al. Adolescent and adult lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic features outcome of therapy — a study of 293 patients. Blood 1982; 60: 677–84.
  108. Gill P.S., Meyer P.R., Pavlova Z. et al. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical, morphologic and immunologic findings. J. Clin. Oncol. 1986; 4: 737–43.
  109. Bernstein J.I., Coleman C.N., Strickler J.G. et al. Combined modality therapy for adult with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt and Burkitt-like type). J. Clin. Oncol. 1986; 4: 847–58.
  110. Reiter A., Schrappe M., Tiemann M. et al. Improved treatment results in childhood B-cell neoplasms with tailored intensification of therapy: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM-90. Blood 1999; 94(10): 3294–306.
  111. Schwenn M., Blattner S., Lynch E. et al. HiC-COM: a 2-month intensive chemotherapy regimen for children with stage III and IV Burkitt’s lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991; 9: 133–8.
  112. Bowman W.P., Shuster J.J., Cook B. et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: a pediatric oncology group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996; 14(4): 1252–61.
  113. Patte C., Philip T., Rodary C. et al. High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of 216 children. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991; 9: 123–32.
  114. Patte C., Michon J., Frappaz D. et al. Therapy of Burkitt and other Bcell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma: experience with the LMB protocols of the SFOP (French Paediatric Oncology Society) in children and adults. Baillieres Clin. Haematol. 1994; 7(2): 339–48.
  115. Magrath I., Adde M., Shad A. et al. Adults and children with small noncleaved-cell lymphoma have similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J. Clin. Oncol. 1996; 14: 925–34.
  116. Mead G.M., Sydes M.R., Walewski J. et al. An international evaluation of CODOX-M and CODOX-M alternating with IVAC in adult Burkitt’s lymphoma: results of United Kingdom Lymphoma Group LY06 study. Ann. Oncol. 2002; 13(8): 1264–74.
  117. Барях Е.А., Кравченко С.К. Протокол терапии лимфомы Беркитта взрослых по программе ЛБ-М-04. В кн. Программное лечение заболеваний системы крови. Т. II. Под ред. В.Г. Савченко. М.: Практика, 2012: 720–34. [Baryakh Ye.A., Kravchenko S.K. Protokol terapii limfomy Berkitta vzroslykh po programme LB-M-04. V kn. Programmnoye lecheniye zabolevaniy sistemy krovi. T. II. Pod red. V.G. Savchenko (Protocol of therapy for adult Burkitt’s lymphoma in accordance with LB-M-04 program. In: Program therapy for hematological malignancies. Vol. II. Ed. by: V.G. Savchenko). M.: Praktika, 2012: 720–34.]
  118. Thomas D.A., Faderl S., O’Brien S. et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2006; 106(7): 1569–80.
  119. Fayad L., Thomas D., Romaguera J. Update of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin. Lymph. Myel. 2007; 8(2): 57–62.
  120. Bence Z., Kovacs G., Jakab Z. et al. Lymphomas in adolescents: are childhood lymphoma therapy protocols suitable for this patient group? Magy Onkol. 2008; 52(4): 357–62.
  121. Cairo M.S., Sposto R., Gerrard M. et al. Advanced Stage, Increased Lactate Dehydrogenase, and Primary Site, but Not Adolescent Age (³ 15 Years), Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Treatment Failure in Children and Adolescents With Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Results of the FAB LMB 96 Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(4): 387–93.
  122. Woessmann W., Reiter A. Re-induction approaches to relapsed/ refractory childhood and adolescent non Hodgkin’s lymphoma: BFM perspective. Br. J. Haematol. 2012; 159(1): 41.
  123. Griffin T.C., Weitzman S., Weinstein H. et al. A study of rituximab and ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy in children with recurrent/ refractory B-cell (CD20+) non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Childrens Oncology Group. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2009; 53: 177–81.
  124. Harris N., Jaffe E., Stein H. et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 1994; 84: 1361–92.