цитогенетические аберрации

Мутации генов при острых миелоидных лейкозах

ОБЗОРЫ , , , , ,

О.В. Блау

Клиника Шарите, Берлинский медицинский университет, ул. Хинденбургдамм, д. 30, Берлин, Германия, 12200

Для переписки: Ольга Владимировна Блау, д-р мед. наук, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charite University School of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany; e-mail: olga.blau@charite.de.

Для цитирования: Блау О.В. Мутации генов при острых миелоидных лейкозах. Клиническая онкогематология. 2016;9(3):245-56.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-3-245-256

РЕФЕРАТ

Острый миелобластный лейкоз (ОМЛ) — клональное злокачественное заболевание, характеризующееся неэффективным гемопоэзом. Большинство больных ОМЛ имеют различные цитогенетические и молекулярно-генетические повреждения, которые сочетаются с определенными биологическими и клиническими особенностями заболевания. Примерно у 50–60 % больных de novo и у 80–95 % больных вторичными ОМЛ обнаруживаются хромосомные изменения. Следует отметить, что структурные цитогенетические аберрации являются наиболее частыми маркерами и встречаются примерно в 40 % случаев ОМЛ de novo. Достаточно большая группа больных с нормальным кариотипом (НК-ОМЛ), формально относящаяся к категории промежуточного риска, является крайне гетерогенной в отношении прогноза течения заболевания. В действующие прогностические классификации ОМЛ включены сегодня только некоторые мутации, характеризующиеся известным прогностическим значением, в частности NPM1, FLT3 и C/EBPa. Пациенты с NPM1, но без мутаций FLT3-ITD или с мутациями C/EBPa характеризуются благоприятным прогнозом заболевания, а с мутацией FLT3-ITD — неблагоприятным. Недавно выявлен новый класс мутаций, при которых повреждаются гены, ответственные за эпигенетические процессы регуляции генома, в частности метилирование ДНК или модификацию гистонов. Среди них наиболее изученными к настоящему времени являются мутации в генах DNMT3A, IDH1/2, TET2 и некоторых других. В целом ряде исследований показан неблагоприятный прогностический эффект мутации DNMT3A при ОМЛ. Что касается прогностического значения IDH1/2, то данный вопрос еще не до конца ясен. На прогноз заболевания влияет ряд биологических факторов, в т. ч. сочетание с цитогенетическими аберрациями и другими мутациями, особенно FLT3 и NPM1. Число исследований, посвященных генетическим мутациям при ОМЛ, постоянно растет. Накопленные к настоящему времени знания о генетических изменениях при ОМЛ подтверждают их роль в возникновении и развитии заболевания.

Ключевые слова: острый миелобластный лейкоз, ОМЛ, кариотип, цитогенетические аберрации, мутации генов, прогноз.

Получено: 23 января 2016 г.

Принято в печать: 4 апреля 2016 г.

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