помалидомид

Перспективы применения иммуномодулирующих препаратов и модуляторов цереблон Е3-лигазы в лечении множественной миеломы

ОБЗОРЫ , , , , ,

С.В. Семочкин1,2

1 МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена — филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, д. 3, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125284

2 ФГАОУ ВО «РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва, Российская Федерация, 117997

Для переписки: Сергей Вячеславович Семочкин, д-р мед. наук, профессор, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, д. 3, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125284; e-mail: semochkin_sv@rsmu.ru

Для цитирования: Семочкин С.В. Перспективы применения иммуномодулирующих препаратов и модуляторов цереблон Е3-лигазы в лечении множественной миеломы. Клиническая онкогематология. 2023;16(3):229–41.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2023-16-3-229-241

РЕФЕРАТ

За последние десятилетия прогресс в лечении множественной миеломы (ММ) связан с лучшим пониманием биологии этого заболевания и внедрением в практику новых классов лекарственных средств, таких как иммуномодулирующие препараты (IMiD), ингибиторы протеасом (ИП) и моноклональные антитела (МАТ). Современные IMiD (леналидомид, помалидомид) являются производными талидомида, которые, несмотря на сходство химической структуры, проявляют лишь относительную перекрестную резистентность. Леналидомид — иммуномодулятор 2-го поколения с высокой противоопухолевой активностью и благоприятным профилем безопасности. В 2006 г. применение леналидомида в комбинации с дексаметазоном (схема Rd) было одобрено FDA (США) для лечения рецидивов/рефрактерной MM, а через 9 лет, в 2015 г., — для впервые диагностированной ММ. В 2015–2019 гг. для лечения рецидивов MM были разработаны схемы, построенные на комбинации Rd с бортезомибом (VRd), карфилзомибом (KRd), иксазомибом (IRd), элотузумабом (ERd) и даратумумабом (DRd), — так называемые триплеты. Помалидомид — препарат 3-го поколения, используемый у пациентов с рефрактерностью к леналидомиду. Для лечения пациентов с рецидивами/рефрактерной ММ, которые получили не менее двух линий терапии, включавших леналидомид и бортезомиб, в практику внедрены схемы из трех препаратов на основе помалидомида и дексаметазона в комбинации с элотузумабом (EPd), изатуксимабом (Isa-Pd) и даратумумабом (DPd). В 2010 г. была открыта молекулярная мишень действия IMiD — белок цереблон (CRBN), входящий в ферментный комплекс CRBN E3-лигазы. Понимание данного механизма позволило создать новое семейство производных талидомида, получившее название модуляторов CRBN E3-лигазы (CELMoD). Два препарата этой группы (ибердомид, мезигдомид) в исследованиях I–II фазы продемонстрировали обнадеживающую активность при ММ с рефрактерностью к трем классам противоопухолевых препаратов (IMiD, ИП и анти-CD38 МАТ). Фокус представленного обзора направлен на проспективные исследования IMiD и CELMoD на разных этапах лечения ММ.

Ключевые слова: множественная миелома, иммуномодулирующие препараты, модуляторы цереблон Е3-лигазы, леналидомид, помалидомид, ибердомиб, мезигдомид.

Получено: 25 января 2023 г.

Принято в печать: 28 мая 2023 г.

Читать статью в PDF

Статистика Plumx русский

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Менделеева Л.П., Вотякова О.М., Рехтина И.Г. и др. Множественная миелома. Современная онкология. 2020;22(4):6–28. doi: 10.26442/18151434.2020.4.200457.
    [Mendeleeva LP, Votjakova OM, Rehtina IG, et al. Multiple myeloma. Clinical recommendations. Journal of Modern Oncology. 2020;22(4):6–28. doi: 10.26442/18151434.2020.4.200457. (In Russ)]
  2. Usmani SZ, Hoering A, Cavo M, et al. Clinical predictors of long-term survival in newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma—An IMWG Research Project. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(12):123. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0155-7.
  3. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: Every year a new standard? Hematol Oncol. 2019;37(Suppl 1):62–5. doi: 10.1002/hon.2586.
  4. Семочкин С.В. Биологические основы применения иммуномодулирующих препаратов в лечении множественной миеломы. Онкогематология. 2010;(1):21–31. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2010-0-1-.
    [Semochkin SV. Biological basis of immunomodulatory preparations using in treatment of multiple myeloma. Oncohematology. 2010;(1):21–31. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2010-0-1-. (In Russ)]
  5. Lenz W, Knapp K. Thalidomide embryopathy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1962;87(24):1232–42. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1111892.
  6. Kelsey Thalidomide update: regulatory aspects. Teratology. 1988;38(3):221–6. doi: 10.1002/tera.1420380305.
  7. Barlogie B, Desikan R, Eddlemon P, et al. Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide: Identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood. 2001;98(2):492–4. doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.2.492.
  8. Torre CD, Zambello R, Cacciavillani M, et al. Lenalidomide long-term neurotoxicity: Clinical and neurophysiologic prospective study. Neurology. 2016;87(11):1161–6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003093.
  9. Fotiou D, Gavriatopoulou M, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA. Pomalidomide- and dexamethasone-based regimens in the treatment of refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma. Ther Adv Hematol. 2022;13:20406207221090089. doi: 10.1177/20406207221090089.
  10. Charlinski G, Vesole DH, Jurczyszyn A. Rapid Progress in the Use of Immunomodulatory Drugs and Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulators in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(18):4666. doi: 10.3390/cancers13184666.
  11. Barankiewicz J, Salomon-Perzynski A, Misiewicz-Krzeminska I, Lech-Maranda E. CRL4CRBN E3 Ligase Complex as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(18):4492. doi: 10.3390/cancers14184492.
  12. Mori T, Ito T, Liu S, et al. Structural basis of thalidomide enantiomer binding to cereblon. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19202-7.
  13. Kronke J, Udeshi ND, Narla A, et al. Lenalidomide causes selective degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in multiple myeloma cells. Science. 2014;343(6168):301–5. doi: 10.1126/science.1244851.
  14. Lu G, Middleton RE, Sun H, et al. The myeloma drug lenalidomide promotes the cereblon-dependent destruction of Ikaros proteins. Science. 2014;343(6168):305–9. doi: 10.1126/science.1244917.
  15. Read KA, Jones DM, Freud AG, Oestreich KJ. Established and emergent roles for Ikaros transcription factors in lymphoid cell development and function. Immunol Rev. 2021;300(1):82–99. doi: 10.1111/imr.12936.
  16. Bjorklund CC, Lu L, Kang J, et al. Rate of CRL4(CRBN) substrate Ikaros and Aiolos degradation underlies differential activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma cells by regulation of c-Myc and IRF4. Blood Cancer J. 2015;5(10):e354. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2015.66.
  17. Harada T, Ozaki S, Oda A, et al. Association of Th1 and Th2 cytokines with transient inflammatory reaction during lenalidomide plus dexamethasone therapy in multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol. 2013;97(6):743–8. doi: 10.1007/s12185-013-1321-0.
  18. Gandhi AK, Kang J, Havens CG, et al. Immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide co-stimulate T cells by inducing degradation of T cell repressors Ikaros and Aiolos via modulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4 (CRBN). Br J Haematol. 2014;164(6):811–21. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12708.
  19. Lagrue K, Carisey A, Morgan DJ, et al. Lenalidomide augments actin remodeling and lowers NK-cell activation thresholds. Blood. 2015;126(1):50–60. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-01-625004.
  20. Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T, et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2001;98(1):210–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.1.210.
  21. Fabro S, Schumacher H, Smith RL, et al. The metabolism of thalidomide: some biological effects of thalidomide and its metabolites. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1965;25(2):352–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb02055.x.
  22. Yamamoto J, Ito T, Yamaguchi Y, Handa H. Discovery of CRBN as a target of thalidomide: a breakthrough for progress in the development of protein degraders. Chem Soc Rev. 2022;51(15):6234–50. doi: 10.1039/d2cs00116k.
  23. Connarn JN, Hwang R, Gao Y, et al. Population Pharmacokinetics of Lenalidomide in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Hematologic Malignancies. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7(5):465–73. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.372.
  24. Kronke J, Fink EC, Hollenbach PW, et al. Lenalidomide induces ubiquitination and degradation of CK1α in del(5q) MDS. Nature. 2015;523(7559):183–8. doi: 10.1038/nature14610.
  25. Li Y, Wang X, O’Mara E, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma with various degrees of impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol. 2017;9:133–45. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S144606.
  26. Shimizu N, Asatsuma-Okumura T, Yamamoto J, et al. PLZF and its fusion proteins are pomalidomide-dependent CRBN neosubstrates. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1277. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02801-y.
  27. Kasserra C, Assaf M, Hoffmann M, et al. Pomalidomide: evaluation of cytochrome P450 and transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential in vitro and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(2):168–78. doi: 10.1002/jcph.384.
  28. Matyskiela ME, Zhang W, Man HW, et al. A cereblon modulator (CC-220) with improved degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos. J Med Chem. 2018;61(2):535–42. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01921.
  29. Gooding S, Ansari-Pour N, Towfic F, et al. Multiple cereblon genetic changes are associated with acquired resistance to lenalidomide or pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2021;137(2):232–7. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007081.
  30. Durie BGM, Hoering A, Sexton R, et al. Longer term follow-up of the randomized phase III trial SWOG S0777: bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone vs. lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients (Pts) with previously untreated multiple myeloma without an intent for immediate autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Blood Cancer J. 2020;10(5):53. doi: 10.1038/s41408-020-0311-8.
  31. Perrot A, Lauwers-Cances V, Cazaubiel T, et al. Early versus late autologous stem cell transplant in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: long-term follow-up analysis of the IFM 2009 trial. Blood. 2020;136(Suppl 1):39. doi: 10.1182/blood-2020-134538.
  32. Richardson PG, Jacobus SJ, Weller EA, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVd) ± autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and R maintenance to progression for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): The phase 3 DETERMINATION trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(17_suppl):LBA4. doi: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.17_suppl.lba4.
  33. Kumar SK, Jacobus SJ, Cohen AD, et al. Carfilzomib or bortezomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma without intention for immediate autologous stem-cell transplantation (ENDURANCE): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(10):1317–30. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30452-6.
  34. Tan C, Nemirovsky D, Derkach A, et al. Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (KRd) Vs Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (VRd) As Induction Therapy in Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):1817–9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-169161.
  35. Gay F, Musto P, Rota-Scalabrini D, et al. Carfilzomib with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone or lenalidomide and dexamethasone plus autologous transplantation or carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone, followed by maintenance with carfilzomib plus lenalidomide or lenalidomide alone for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (FORTE): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(12):1705–20. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00535-0.
  36. Семочкин С.В. Новые ингибиторы протеасомы в терапии множественной миеломы. Онкогематология. 2019;14(2):29–40. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2019-14-2-29-40.
    [Semochkin SV. New proteasome inhibitors in the management of multiple myeloma. Oncohematology. 2019;14(2):29–40. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2019-14-2-29-40. (In Russ)]
  37. Goldschmidt H, Mai EK, Bertschet U, et al. Elotuzumab in Combination with Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, Dexamethasone and Autologous Transplantation for Newly-Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: Results from the Randomized Phase III GMMG-HD6 Trial. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl 1):486. doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-147323.
  38. Usmani SZ, Hoering A, Ailawadhi S, et al. Bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone with or without elotuzumab in patients with untreated, high-risk multiple myeloma (SWOG-1211): primary analysis of a randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(1):e45–e54. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30354-9.
  39. Laubach JP, Kaufman JL, Sborov DW, et al. Daratumumab (DARA) plus lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVd) in patients (Pts) with transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): updated analysis of Griffin after 24 months of maintenance. Blood. 2021;138 (Suppl 1):79. doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-149024.
  40. Goldschmidt H, Mai EK, Bertsch U, et al. Addition of isatuximab to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed, transplantation-eligible patients with multiple myeloma (GMMG-HD7): part 1 of an open-label, multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2022;9(11):e810–e821. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00263-0.
  41. McCarthy PL, Holstein SA, Petrucci MT, et al. Lenalidomide Maintenance After Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(29):3279–89. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.72.6679.
  42. Jackson GH, Davies FE, Pawlyn C, et al. Lenalidomide maintenance versus observation for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (Myeloma XI): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(1):57–73. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30687-9.
  43. Pawlyn C, Menzies T, Davies FE, et al. Defining the Optimal Duration of Lenalidomide Maintenance after Autologous Stem Cell Transplant – Data from the Myeloma XI Trial. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):1371–2. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-165376.
  44. Facon T, Dimopoulos MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Final analysis of survival outcomes in the phase 3 FIRST trial of up-front treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2018;131(3):301–10. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-795047.
  45. Facon T, Venner CP, Bahlis NJ, et al. Oral ixazomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2021;137(26):3616–28. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020008787.
  46. Kumar SK, Moreau P, Bahlis NJ, et al. Daratumumab Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (D-Rd) Versus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (Rd) Alone in Transplant-Ineligible Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM): Updated Analysis of the Phase 3 Maia Study. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):10150–3. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-163335.
  47. Moreau P, Kumar SK, Miguel JS, et al. Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: recommendations from the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(3):e105–e118. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30756-7.
  48. Moreau P, Masszi T, Grzasko N, et al. Oral Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(17):1621–34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1516282.
  49. Richardson PG, Kumar SK, Masszi T, et al. Final Overall Survival Analysis of the TOURMALINE-MM1 Phase III Trial of Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(22):2430–42. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.00972.
  50. Lonial S, Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, et al. Elotuzumab Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(7):621–31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505654.
  51. Dimopoulos MA, Lonial S, White D, et al. Elotuzumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in RRMM: final overall survival results from the phase 3 randomized ELOQUENT-2 study. Blood Cancer J. 2020;10(9):91. doi: 10.1038/s41408-020-00357-4.
  52. Stewart AK, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(2):142–52. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411321.
  53. Siegel DS, Dimopoulos MA, Ludwig H, et al. Improvement in Overall Survival With Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2018;36(8):728–34. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.5032.
  54. Bahlis NJ, Dimopoulos MA, White DJ, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: extended follow-up of POLLUX, a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study. 2020;34(7):1875–84. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-0711-6.
  55. Dimopoulos MA, Oriol A, Nahi H, et al. Daratumumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone versus lenalidomide and dexamethasone alone in patients with previously treated multiple myeloma: overall survival results from phase 3 POLLUX trial. Hemasphere. 2022;6(Suppl):13. doi: 10.1097/01.HS9.0000829592.26407.09.
  56. Manda S, Yimer HA, Noga SJ, et al. Feasibility of Long-term Proteasome Inhibition in Multiple Myeloma by in-class Transition From Bortezomib to Ixazomib. Сlin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2020;20(11):e910–e925. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.06.024.
  57. Бессмельцев С.С. Режимы на основе помалидомида и дексаметазона при лечении рефрактерной/рецидивирующей множественной миеломы. Вестник гематологии. 2022;18(4):4–20.
    [Bessmeltsev SS. Pomalidomide- and dexamethasone-based regimens in the treatment of refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma. Vestnik gematologii. 2022;18(4):4–20. (In Russ)]
  58. Richardson PG, Oriol A, Beksac M, et al. Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide (OPTIMISMM): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(6):781–94. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30152-4.
  59. Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Boccadoro M, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone in previously treated multiple myeloma (APOLLO): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(6):801–12. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00128-5.
  60. Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Boccadoro M, et al. Subcutaneous daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone (D-Pd) versus pomalidomide and dexamethasone (Pd) alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): overall survival results from the phase 3 APOLLO study. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):7272–4. doi 10.1182/blood-2022–163483.
  61. Attal M, Richardson PG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Isatuximab plus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (ICARIA-MM): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2019;394(10214):2096–107. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32556-5.
  62. Richardson PG, Perrot A, San-Miguel J, et al. Isatuximab Plus Pomalidomide/Low-Dose Dexamethasone Versus Pomalidomide/Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (ICARIA-MM): Characterization of Subsequent Antimyeloma Therapies. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):608–10. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-159710.
  63. Dimopoulos MA, Dytfeld D, Grosicki S, et al. Elotuzumab plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(19):1811–22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1805762.
  64. Dimopoulos MA, Dytfeld D, Grosicki S, et al. Elotuzumab Plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Final Overall Survival Analysis From the Randomized Phase II ELOQUENT-3 Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(3):568–78. doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.02815.
  65. Pasvolsky O, Yeshurun M, Fraser R, et al. Maintenance therapy after second autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. A CIBMTR analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2022;57(1):31–7. doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01455-y.
  66. Garderet L, Kuhnowski F, Berge В, et al. Phase II Study of the Combination of Pomalidomide with Dexamethasone As Maintenance Therapy after First Relapse Treatment with PCD Followed or Not By Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Multiple Myeloma Patients. Blood. 2021;138(Suppl 1):2753. doi: 10.1182/blood-2021-152136.
  67. Thakurta A, Pierceall WE, Amatangelo MD, et al. Developing next generation immunomodulatory drugs and their combinations in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget. 2021;12(15):1555–63. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.27973.
  68. Ye Y, Gaudy A, Schafer P, et al. First-in-Human, Single- and Multiple-Ascending-Dose Studies in Healthy Subjects to Assess Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety/Tolerability of Iberdomide, a Novel Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulator. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2021;10(5):471–85. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.869.
  69. You W, Pang J. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and metabolism of CC-92480 in rat by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2021;35(9):e5139. doi: 10.1002/bmc.5139.
  70. Van de Donk NWC, Popat R, Hulin C, et al. Results from CC-220-MM-001 Dose-expansion Phase of Iberdomide plus Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Hemasphere. 2022;6:14–5. doi: 10.1097/01.HS9.0000829600.37424.88.
  71. Lonial S, Abdallah A, Anwer F, et al. Iberdomide (IBER) in Combination with Dexamethasone (DEX) in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Results from the Anti-B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA)-Exposed Cohort of the CC-220-MM-001 Trial. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):4398–400. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-158180.
  72. Richardson PG, Trudel S, Quach H, et al. Mezigdomide (CC-92480), a Potent, Novel Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulator (CELMoD), Combined with Dexamethasone (DEX) in Patients (pts) with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Preliminary Results from the Dose-Expansion Phase of the CC-92480-MM-001 Trial. Blood. 2022;140(Suppl 1):1366–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2022-157945.
  73. Семочкин С.В. Механизмы действия противоопухолевых иммуномодуляторов — от тератогенности к терапии множественной миеломы. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2022;67(2):240–60. doi: 10.35754/0234-5730-2022-67-2-240-260.
    [Semochkin SV. Mechanisms of action of immunomodulatory drugs — from teratogenicity to treatment of multiple myeloma. Russian journal of hematology and transfusiology. 2022;67(2):240–60. doi: 10.35754/0234-5730-2022-67-2-240-260. (In Russ)]

Помалидомид в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерной множественной миеломы у пациентов с почечной недостаточностью

НОВЫЕ ПРЕПАРАТЫ , ,

И.Г. Рехтина, М.В. Нарейко, Л.П. Менделеева

ФГБУ «НМИЦ гематологии» Минздрава РФ, Новый Зыковский пр-д, д. 4, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125167

Для переписки: Ирина Германовна Рехтина, д-р мед. наук, Новый Зыковский пр-д, д. 4, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125167; тел.: +7(495)612-49-66; e-mail: rekhtina.i@blood.ru

Для цитирования: Рехтина И.Г., Нарейко М.В., Менделеева Л.П. Помалидомид в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерной множественной миеломы у пациентов с почечной недостаточностью. Клиническая онкогематология. 2018;11(4):283–7.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2018-11-4-283-287

РЕФЕРАТ

В обзоре представлены данные по эффективности и безопасности применения иммуномодулирующего препарата III поколения помалидомида в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерной множественной миеломы у пациентов с почечной недостаточностью. Результаты многоцентровых рандомизированных исследований доказали сходную эффективность и сопоставимый профиль безопасности у пациентов с нормальной функцией почек и умеренной и/или тяжелой степенью почечной недостаточности. Стартовая доза препарата — стандартная. Снижение дозы помалидомида бывает необходимо при возникновении гематологической токсичности. Представлены практические рекомендации по применению помалидомида и коррекции нежелательных явлений на основании консенсуса международных экспертов. Современные подходы к лечению множественной миеломы с почечной недостаточностью, в т. ч. применение помалидомида, продемонстрированы на конкретном клиническом примере.

Ключевые слова: множественная миелома, помалидомид, почечная недостаточность.

Получено: 28 марта 2018 г.

Принято в печать: 16 июля 2018 г.

Читать статью в PDF 

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Qian Y, Bhowmik D, Bond C, et al. Renal impairment and use of nephrotoxic agents in patients with multiple myeloma in the clinical practice setting in the United States. Cancer Med. 2017;6(7):1523–30. doi: 10.1002/cam4.1075.

  2. Менделеева Л.П., Вотякова О.М., Покровская О.С. и др. Национальные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению множественной миеломы. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2016;61(1, прил. 2):1–24. doi: 10.18821/0234-5730-2016-61-1(Прил.2).

    [Mendeleeva LP, Votyakova OM, Pokrovskaya OS, et al. National clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2016;61(1, Suppl 2):1–24. doi: 10.18821/0234-5730-2016-61-1(Прил.2). (In Russ)]

  3. Имновид® (инструкция по медицинскому применению). Будри, Швейцария: Celgene International, Sarl. Доступно по: https://www.vidal.ru/drugs/imnovid__44356. Ссылка активна на 30.06.2018.

    [Imnovid® (package insert). Boudry, Switzerland: Celgene International, Sarl. Available from: https://www.vidal.ru/drugs/imnovid__44356. (accessed 30.06.2018) (In Russ)]

  4. Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Corradini P, et al. Safety and efficacy of pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in STRATUS (MM-010): a phase 3b study in refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2016;128(4):497–503. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-700872.

  5. Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Vij R, et al. Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 2 study. Blood. 2014;123(12):1826–32. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-566661.

  6. Miguel JS, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1055–66. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70380-2.

  7. Siegel DS, Weisel KC, Dimopoulosc MA, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma and moderate renal impairment: a pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016:57(12):2833–8. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1177181.

  8. Matous J, Siegel DS, Lonial S, et al. A Phase 1 Study of the Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Safety of Pomalidomide + Low Dose Dexamethasone (POM+LODEX) in Patients (PTS) With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) and Renal Impairment (RI). Clin Lymph Myel Leuk. 2015;15:e265. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.557.

  9. Sonneveld P, Dimopoulos M, Ramasamy K, et al. Treatment (Tx) With Pomalidomide (POM) and Low-Dose Dexamethasone (LoDEX) in Patients (Pts) With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) and Renal Impairment (RI) Including Those on Dialysis. Clin Lymph Myel Leuk. 2015;15:e265. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.556.

  10. Weisel K, Dimopoulos M, Van de Donk N, et al. Phase 2 Multicenter Study of Pomalidomide (POM) Plus Low-Dose Dexamethasone (LoDEX) in Patients (Pts) With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) and Renal Impairment (RI): An Updated Safety Analysis. Clin Lymph Myel Leuk. 2017;17(1):e145. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2017.03.261.

  11. Sonneveld P, Weisel K, Van de Donk N et al. MM-013 phase 2 multicenter study of pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in patients with RRMM and renal impairment. 22nd Congress of the European Hematology Association (EHA). 2017. Abstract P343.

  12. Li Y, Wang X, O’Mara E, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma with various degrees of impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol Adv Appl. 2017;9:133–45. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S144606.

  13. Dimopoulos M, Leleu X, Palumbo A, et al. Expert panel consensus statement on the optimal use of pomalidomide in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28(8):1573–85. doi: 10.1038/leu.2014.60.

Опыт применения помалидомида в комбинации с низкими дозами дексаметазона при множественной миеломе с «двойной рефрактерностью»

ЛИМФОИДНЫЕ ОПУХОЛИ , , ,

А.В. Петров2, Д.В. Моторин2, О.С. Покровская1, Е.С. Урнова1, М.В. Нарейко1, Д.В. Бабенецкая2, Ю.А. Алексеева2, Л.Л. Гиршова2, Л.П. Менделеева1, А.Ю. Зарицкий2

1 ФГБУ «Гематологический научный центр» Минздрава России, Новый Зыковский пр-д, д. 4а, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125167

2 ФГБУ «Северо-Западный федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341

Для переписки: Алексей Владиленович Петров, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341; тел.: +7(921)317-28-02; e-mail: avlpetrov@mail.ru

Для цитирования: Петров А.В., Моторин Д.В., Покровская О.С. и др. Опыт применения помалидомида в комбинации с низкими дозами дексаметазона при множественной миеломе с «двойной рефрактерностью». Клиническая онкогематология. 2017;10(3):372–80.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2017-10-3-372-380

РЕФЕРАТ

Актуальность. Проблема поиска радикальной терапии множественной миеломы (ММ) до настоящего времени остается нерешенной. Заболевание характеризуется прогрессирующим течением и необходимостью проведения повторных курсов терапии с использованием препаратов, не обладающих перекрестной резистентностью. Прогноз заболевания с «двойной рефрактерностью» к ключевым противоопухолевым препаратам — ингибиторам протеасом первого поколения и иммуномодулирующим средствам — остается пессимистичным. Медиана выживаемости без прогрессирования (ВБП) и общей выживаемости (ОВ) в этой когорте больных составляет 5 и 9 мес. соответственно.

Цель. Оценить эффективность и переносимость помалидомида в комбинации с низкими дозами дексаметазона при рецидивах и рефрактерных формах множественной миеломы (РРММ), осложненной «двойной рефрактерностью».

Материалы и методы. С сентября 2015 г. по июль 2016 г. на базе ФГБУ «Гематологический научный центр» МЗ РФ и ФГБУ «Северо-Западный федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» МЗ РФ в исследование по протоколу включено 10 больных РРММ. Медиана возраста составила 62,5 года (диапазон 48–76 лет), а предшествующих линий терапии — 4 (диапазон 3–5). У всех больных имело место прогрессирование заболевания после применения бортезомиба, леналидомида, режимов с включением алкилирующих препаратов. Кроме того, 6 (60 %) из 10 больным проведена высокодозная химиотерапия мелфаланом с последующей аутоТГСК. Медиана курсов терапии — 6 (диапазон 4–15).

Результаты. Общий ответ составил 60 %, минимальный ответ/стабилизация заболевания — 40 % (критерии IMWG). Медиана ВБП составила 7,8 мес.; ОВ за 18 мес. — 70 % (медиана не достигнута). Гематологическая токсичность III–IV степени, связанная с терапией, наблюдалась у 2 больных (5 эпизодов). Негематологические нежелательные явления III–IV степени включали острый коронарный синдром, тромбоз глубоких вен нижних конечностей, нейропатическую боль, а также острое бредовое расстройство в 1 наблюдении, потребовавшее прекращения терапии. Наличие исходной цитопении и почечной недостаточности до начала терапии помалидомидом не потребовало редукции доз препарата и/или прекращения лечения.

Заключение. Исследуемый режим, включающий помалидомид и малые дозы дексаметазона, продемонстрировал высокий уровень общего ответа при РРММ, а также приемлемый профиль токсичности.

Ключевые слова: множественная миелома, «двойная рефрактерность», иммуномодулирующие препараты, помалидомид.

Получено: 24 января 2017 г.

Принято в печать: 6 мая 2017 г.

Читать статью в PDFpdficon

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Howlade N, Noone A, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations). Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2012.
  2. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. Incidence of multiple myeloma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: Trend over 6 decades. Cancer. 2004;101(11):2667–74. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20652.
  3. Менделеева Л.П., Вотякова О.М., Покровская О.М. и др. Национальные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению множественной миеломы. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2014;1(приложение 3):2–24.
    [Mendeleeva LP, Votyakova OM, Pokrovskaya OM, et al. National clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2014;1(Suppl 3):2–24. (In Russ)]
  4. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. (ред.) Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2015 году (заболеваемость и смертность). М.: ФГБУ «МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена» Минздрава России, 2017. 250 с.
    [Kaprin AD, Starinskii VV, Petrova GV, eds. Zlokachestvennye novoobrazovaniya v Rossii v 2015 godu (zabolevaemost’ i smertnost’). (Malignant tumors in Russia in 2015 (incidence and mortality).) Moscow: FGBU MNIOI im. PA Gertsena Minzdrava Rossii Publ.; 2017. 250 p. (In Russ)]
  5. Doo NW, Coory M, White V. Low Uptake of Upfront Autologous Transplantation for Myeloma in a Jurisdiction With Universal Health Care Coverage: A Population-Based Patterns of Care Study in Australia. Clin Lymph Myel Leuk. 2014;14(1):61–7. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.09.011.
  6. Kumar SK, Lee JH, Lahuerta JJ, et al. Risk of progression and survival in multiple myeloma relapsing after therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib: a multicenter international myeloma working group study. Leukemia. 2012;26(1):149–57 doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.196.
  7. Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood. 2008;111(5):2516–20. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-116129.
  8. Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(30):4621–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.9158.
  9. Sonneveld P, Salwender HJ, Van Der Holt B, et al. Bortezomib Induction and Maintenance in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: Long-Term Follow-up of the HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 Trial. Blood. 2015;126(27):23.
  10. Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. GIMEMA Italian Myeloma Network Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010;376(9758):2075–85. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61424-9.
  11. Barlogie B, Anaissie E, van Rhee F, et al. Incorporating bortezomib into upfront treatment for multiple myeloma: early results of total therapy 3. Br J Haematol. 2007;138(2):176–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06639.x.
  12. Вarlogie В, Mitchell А, van Rhee F, et al. Curing Multiple Myeloma (MM) with Total Therapy (TT). Blood. 2014;124(21):195.
  13. San Miguel JF, Schlag R, Khuageva NK, et al. Continued overall survival benefit after 5 years’ follow-up with bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP) versus melphalan-prednisone (MP) in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma, and no increased risk of second primary malignancies: Final results of the phase 3 VISTA trial. 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology. Abstract 476. Presented December 12, 2011.
  14. Мещерякова Д.В., Моторин Д.В., Петров А.В. Аутологичная трансплантация стволовых гемопоэтических клеток у пациентов с множественной миеломой. Опыт трансплантации после терапии леналидомидом. Трансляционная медицина. 2012;6:82–90.
    [Meshcheryakova DV, Motorin DV, Petrov AV. Autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: experience of successful transplantation after lenalidomide treatment. Translyatsionnaya meditsina. 2012;6:82–90. (In Russ)]
  15. Kumar S, Therneau T, Gertz M, et al. Clinical Course of Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma. Mayo Clin Proceed. 2004;79(7):867–74. doi: 10.4065/79.7.867.
  16. Абрамова Т.В., Обухова Т.Н., Покровская О.С. и др. Анализ общей выживаемости больных множественной миеломой в отдельных цитогенетических группах. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2016;61(1 Suppl 1):30.
    [Abramova TV, Obukhova TN, Pokrovskaya OS, et al. Analysis of overall survival in patients with multiple myeloma in different cytogenetic groups. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2016;61(1 Suppl 1):30. (In Russ)]
  17. Marriott JB, Muller GW, Stirling D. Immunotherapeutic and anti-tumour potential of thalidomide analogues. Exp Opin Biol Ther. 2001;1:675–82. doi: 10.1517/14712598.1.4.675.
  18. Muller GW, Chen R, Huang S-Y, et al. Amino-substituted thalidomide analogs: potent inhibitors of TNF-α production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999;9(11):1625–30. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00250-4.
  19. Rychak E, Mendy D, Shi T, et al. Pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone results in synergistic anti-tumour responses in pre-clinical models of lenalidomide-resistant multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2016;172(6):889–901. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13905.
  20. Семочкин С.В. Помалидомид в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерных форм множественной миеломы. Клиническая онкогематология. 2015;8(4):379–89. doi: 10.21320/2500-2139-2015-8-4-379-389.
    [Semochkin SV. Pomalidomide for Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Clinical oncohematology. 2015;8(4):379–89. doi: 10.21320/2500-2139-2015-8-4-379-389. (In Russ)]
  21. Quach H, Ritchie D, Stewart AK, et al. Mechanism of action of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDS) in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2010;24(1):22–32. doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.236.
  22. Dredge K, Marriott JB, Macdonald CD, et al. Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(10):1166–72. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600607.
  23. Pal R, Monaghan S, Hassett A Immunomodulatory derivatives induce PU.1 down-regulation, myeloid maturation arrest, and neutropenia. Blood. 2010;115(3):605–14. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-221077.
  24. Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T, et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2001;98(1):210–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.1.210.
  25. Ito T, Ando H, Suzuki T, et al. Identification of a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. Science. 2010;327(5971):1345–50. doi: 10.1126/science.1177319.
  26. Lindner S, Jan Krоnke. The Molecular Mechanism of Thalidomide Analogs in Hematologic Malignancies. J Mol Med (Berl). 2016;94(12):1327–34. doi: 10.1007/s00109-016-1450-z.
  27. Bjorund CC, Lu L, Kang J, et al. Rate of CRL4CRBN substrate Ikaros and Aiolos degradation underlies differential activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma cells regulation of c-Myc and IFR4. Blood Cancer J. 2015;5(10):e354. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2015.66.
  28. Lopez-Girona A, Mendy D, Ito T, et al. Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Leukemia. 2012;26(11):2326–35. doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.119.
  29. Hideshima T, Cottini F, Nozawa Y. p-53-related protein kinase confers poor prognosis and represents a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017;129(10):1308–19. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-738500.
  30. Schey SA, Fields P, Bartlett JB, et al. Phase I study of an immunomodulatory thalidomide analog, CC-4047, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(16):3269–76. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.10.052.
  31. Lacy MQ, Hayman SR, Gertz MA, et al. Pomalidomide (CC4047) plus low-dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):5008–14. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.6802.
  32. Richardson PG, Siegel D, Baz R, et al. Phase 1 study of pomalidomide MTD, safety, and efficacy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma who have received lenalidomide and bortezomib. Blood. 2013;121(11):1961–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-450742.
  33. Lacy MQ, Allred JB, Gertz MA, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in myeloma refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide: comparison of 2 dosing strategies in dual-refractory disease. Blood. 2011;118(11):2970–5. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-348896.
  34. Leleu X, Attal M, Arnulf B, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone is active and well tolerated in bortezomib and lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma: Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 2009-02. Blood. 2013;121(11):1968–75. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-452375.
  35. Miguel JS, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1055–66. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70380-2.
  36. Baz RC, Martin TG, Lin H-Y, et al. Randomized multicenter Phase II study of pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone in relapsed refractory myeloma. Blood. 2016;127(21):2561–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-682518.
  37. Lacy MQ, La Plant BR, Laumann KM, et al. Pomalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (PVD) for patients with relapsed lenalidomide refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Blood. 2014;124(21):304.
  38. Richardson PG, Hofmeister C, Raje NS, et al. A Phase 1, multicenter study of pomalidomide, bortezomib, and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with proteasome inhibitor exposed and lenalidomide-refractory myeloma (Trial MM-005). Blood. 2015;126(23):3036.
  39. Chari A, Lonial S, Suvannasankha A, et al. Open-label, multicenter, Phase 1b study of daratumumab in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with at least 2 lines of prior therapy and relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2015;126(23):508.
  40. Ramasamy K, Dimopoulos M, van de Donk NWCJ, et al. Safety of treatment (Tx) with pomalidomide (POM) and low-dose dexamethasone (LoDEX) in patients (Pts) with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) and renal impairment (RI), including those on dialysis. Blood. 2015;126(23):374.
  41. Leleu X, Karlin L, Macro M, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in multiple myeloma with deletion 17p and/or translocation (4;14): IFM 2010-02 trial results. Blood. 2015;125(9):1411–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612069.
  42. Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Vij R, et al. Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized Phase II study. Blood. 2014;123(12):1826–32. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-538835.
  43. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Mateos MV, et al. Geriatric assessment predicts survival and toxicities in elderly myeloma patients: In International Myeloma Group report. Blood. 2015;125(13):2068–74. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-615187.
  44. Kumar S, Paiva B, Anderson K. International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(8):e328–46. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30206-6.

 

Помалидомид в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерных форм множественной миеломы

КЛИНИКА, ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЛИМФОИДНЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ , ,

С.В. Семочкин

ГБОУ ВПО «Российский национальный медицинский исследовательский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва, Российская Федерация, 117997

Для переписки: Сергей Вячеславович Семочкин, д-р мед. наук, профессор, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва, Российская Федерация, 117997; тел.: +7(495)653-14-78; e-mail: s.semochkin@gmail.com

Для цитирования: Семочкин С.В. Помалидомид в лечении рецидивов и рефрактерных форм множественной миеломы. Клиническая онкогематология. 2015;8(4):379–389.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2015-8-4-379-389

РЕФЕРАТ

Помалидомид — иммуномодулирующий препарат третьего поколения, рекомендованный для лечения пациентов с множественной миеломой, рефрактерной к леналидомиду и бортезомибу. Профиль побочных явлений оптимизирован для применения у пациентов с интенсивным и длительным противоопухолевым лечением. Помалидомид одобрен в 2013 г. Управлением по контролю за качеством пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств США (FDA) и Европейским агентством по лекарственным средствам (EMA) для лечения пациентов с рецидивами и рефрактерной множественной миеломой, которые получили не менее двух линий лечения, включая леналидомид и бортезомиб, с прогрессированием непосредственно при последней терапии либо в пределах 60 дней после ее окончания. Регистрация помалидомида с аналогичными показаниями ожидается в России в 2015 г. Помалидомид обладает сходным механизмом действия с другими иммуномодуляторами. Препарат оказывает как прямое цитостатическое воздействие, так и вызывает опосредованный эффект через воздействие на микроокружение костного мозга и T/NK-клеточный иммунитет. Рекомендуемая стартовая доза помалидомида составляет 4 мг/сут (в дни 1–21/28) в комбинации с низкими дозами дексаметазона (40 мг в неделю для молодых пациентов и 20 мг для пациентов старше 75 лет). Лечение рекомендуется проводить вплоть до прогрессирования болезни или появления неприемлемой токсичности. В обзоре представлены рекомендации по коррекции дозы препарата в зависимости от переносимости и профилактике тромботических осложнений. В статье представлено собственное клиническое наблюдение, которое демонстрирует успешное применение помалидомида у больного из группы высокого цитогенетического риска с двойной рефрактерностью — к бортезомибу и леналидомиду, интенсивным предшествующим противоопухолевым лечением. Продолжительность жизни после начала терапии помалидомидом составила около 16 мес., что соответствует литературным данным.

Ключевые слова: помалидомид, иммуномодулирующие агенты, множественная миелома.

Получено: 8 апреля 2015 г.

Принято в печать: 20 октября 2015 г.

Читать статью в PDFpdficon

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Менделеева Л.П., Вотякова О.М., Покровская О.М. и др. Национальные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению множественной миеломы. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2014;1(приложение 3):2–24.
    [Mendeleeva LP, Votyakova OM, Pokrovskaya OM, et al. National clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2014;1(Suppl. 3):2–24. (In Russ)]
  2. Бессмельцев С.С. Множественная миелома (лечение рецидивов и рефрактерных форм): обзор литературы и собственные данные. Часть III. Клиническая онкогематология. 2014;7(2):137–74.
    [Bessmel’tsev SS. Multiple myeloma (treatment of relapsed and refractory forms): literature review and own data. Part III. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya. 2014;7(2):137–74. (In Russ)]
  3. Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2014 Update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(10):999–1009. doi: 10.1002/ajh.23810.
  4. Kumar SK, Lee JH, Lahuerta JJ, et al. Risk of progression and survival in multiple myeloma relapsing after therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib: a multicenter international myeloma working group study. Leukemia. 2012;26(1):149–57. doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.15.
  5. Kumar A, Porwal M, Verma A, Mishra AK. Impact of pomalidomide therapy in multiple myeloma: a recent survey. J Chemother. 2014;26(6):321–7. doi: 10.1179/1973947814y.0000000201.
  6. Семочкин С.В. Биологические основы применения иммуномодулирующих препаратов в лечении множественной миеломы. Онкогематология. 2010;1:21–31.
    [Semochkin SV. Biological fundamentals of application of immunomodulatory agents in treatment of multiple myeloma. Onkogematologiya 2010;1:21–31. (In Russ)]
  7. Lopez-Girona A, Mendy D, Ito T, et al. Cereblon is a direct protein target for immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities of lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Leukemia. 2012;26(11):2326–35. doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.119.
  8. Zhu YX, Braggio E, Shi CX, et al. Cereblon expression is required for the antimyeloma activity of lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Blood. 2011;118(18):4771–9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-356063.
  9. Heintel D, Rocci A, Ludwig H, et al. High expression of cereblon (CRBN) is associated with improved clinical response in patients with multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. Br J Haematol. 2013;161(5):695–700. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12338.
  10. Schuster SR, Kortuem KM, Zhu YX, et al. The clinical significance of cereblon expression in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res. 2014;38(1):23–8. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.08.015.
  11. Chamberlain PP, Lopez-Girona A, Miller K, et al. Structure of the human Cereblon-DDB1-lenalidomide complex reveals basis for responsiveness to thalidomide analogs. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2014;21(9):803–9. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2874.
  12. Lu G, Middleton RE, Sun H, et al. The myeloma drug lenalidomide promotes the cereblon-dependent destruction of Ikaros proteins. Science. 2014;343(6168):305–9. doi: 10.1126/science.1244917.
  13. Gandhi AK, Kang J, Havens CG, et al. Immunomodulatory agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide co-stimulate T cells by inducing degradation of T cell repressors Ikaros and Aiolos via modulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex CRL4 (CRBN). Br J Haematol. 2014;164(6):811–21. doi: 10.1111/bjh.12708.
  14. Kronke J, Udeshi ND, Narla A, et al. Lenalidomide causes selective degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in multiple myeloma cells. Science. 2014;343(6168):301–5. doi: 10.1126/science.124485.
  15. Shi ChX, Zhu YuX, Jedlowski P, et al. Ikaros Degradation Efficiency Correlates with Response of Multiple Myeloma (MM) Cells to IMiD Therapy and Is Blocked By Proteasome Inhibitors. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 2247.
  16. Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, et al. Biologic sequelae of nuclear factor-kappaB blockade in multiple myeloma: therapeutic applications. Blood. 2002;99(11):4079–86. doi: 10.1182/blood.v99.11.4079.
  17. Zhu YX, Kortuem KM, Stewart AK. Molecular mechanism of action of immune-modulatory drugs thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(4):683–7. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2012.728597.
  18. Li S, Pal R, Monaghan SA, et al. IMiD immunomodulatory compounds block C/EBPb translation through eIF4E down-regulation resulting in inhibition of MM. Blood. 2011;117(19):5157–65. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-314278.
  19. Huang X, Di Liberto M, Jayabalan D, et al. Prolonged early G(1) arrest by selective CDK4/CDK6 inhibition sensitizes myeloma cells to cytotoxic killing through cell cycle-coupled loss of IRF4. Blood. 2012;120(5):1095–106. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-415984.
  20. Corral LG, Haslett PA, Muller GW, et al. Differential cytokine modulation and T cell activation by two distinct classes of thalidomide analogues that are potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha. J Immunol. 1999;163(1):380–6.
  21. Anderson G, Gries M, Kurihara N, et al. Thalidomide derivative CC-4047 inhibits osteoclast formation by down-regulation of PU.1. Blood. 2006;107(8):3098–105. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3450.
  22. Haslett PA, Corral LG, Albert M, Kaplan G. Thalidomide costimulates primary human T lymphocytes, preferentially inducing proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic responses in the CD8+ subset. J Exp Med. 1998;187(11):1885–92. doi: 10.1084/jem.187.11.1885.
  23. Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T, et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2001;98(1):210–6. doi: 10.1182/blood.V98.1.210.
  24. Galustian C, Meyer B, Labarthe MC, et al. The anti-cancer agents lenalidomide and pomalidomide inhibit the proliferation and function of T regulatory cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2009;58(7):1033–45. doi: 10.1007/s00262-008-0620-4.
  25. Schey SA, Fields P, Bartlett JB, et al. Phase I study of an immunomodulatory thalidomide analog, CC-4047, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(16):3269–76. doi: 10.1200/jco.2004.10.052.
  26. Streetly MJ, Gyertson K, Daniel Y, et al. Alternate day pomalidomide retains anti-myeloma effect with reduced adverse events and evidence of in vivo immunomodulation. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(1):41–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07013.x
  27. Richardson PG, Siegel D, Baz R, et al. Phase 1 study of pomalidomide MTD, safety, and efficacy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma who have received lenalidomide and bortezomib. Blood. 2013;121(11):1961–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-450742.
  28. Leleu X, Attal M, Arnulf B, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone is active and well tolerated in bortezomib and lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma: intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 2009-02. Blood. 2013;121(11):1968–75. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-452375.
  29. Pegourie B, Petillon MO, Karlin L, et al. Long-Term Exposure to Pomalidomide-Dexamethasone in Pts with Refractory Myeloma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 3466.
  30. Lacy MQ, Allred JB, Gertz MA, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in myeloma refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide: comparison of 2 dosing strategies in dual-refractory disease. Blood. 2011;118(11):2970–5. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-348896.
  31. Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Vij R, et al. Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized phase II study. Blood. 2014;123(12):1826–32. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-566661.
  32. San Miguel J, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, Phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(11):1055–66. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70380-2.
  33. Dimopoulos M, Palumbo A, Weisel K, et al. Safety and Efficacy in the Stratus (MM-010) Trial, a Single-Arm Phase 3b Study Evaluating Pomalidomide + Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Refractory or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 80.
  34. Richardson P, Hofmeister CC, Siegel D, et al. MM-005: A phase I trial of pomalidomide, bortezomib, and low-dose dexamethasone (PVD) in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). ASCO Meet Abstr. 2013;31:8584.
  35. Shah JJ, Edward A, Stadtmauer EA, et al. Phase I/II Dose Expansion Of a Multi-Center Trial Of Carfilzomib and Pomalidomide With Dexamethasone (Car-Pom-d) In Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood. 2013;122:690.
  36. Dimopoulos MA, Leleu X, Palumbo A, et al. Expert panel consensus statement on the optimal use of pomalidomide in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28(8):1573–9. doi: 10.1038/leu.2014.60.
  37. Palumbo A, Palladino C. Venous and arterial thrombotic risks with thalidomide: evidence and practical guidance. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012;3(5):255–66. doi: 10.1177/2042098612452291.
  38. Palumbo A, Cavo M, Bringhen S, et al. Aspirin, warfarin, or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide: a phase III, open-label, randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(8):986–93. doi: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.6844.
  39. Kasserra C, Assaf M, Hoffmann M, et al. Pomalidomide: evaluation of cytochrome P450 and transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction potential in vitro and in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(2):168–78. doi: 10.1002/jcph.384.
  40. Khalafallah A, Maiwald M, Cox A, et al. Effect of immunoglobulin therapy on the rate of infections in multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation or treated with immunomodulatory agents. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2010;2(1):e2010005. doi: 10.4084/mjhid.2010.005.
  41. Palumbo A, Dimopoulos MA, Weisel K, et al. Outcomes for Older Patients in Stratus (MM-010), a Single-Arm, and Phase 3b Study of Pomalidomide + Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Refractory or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 4770.
  42. Weisel K, Dimopoulos MA, Cavo M, et al. Pomalidomide + Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Refractory or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma and Renal Impairment: Analysis of Patients from the Phase 3b Stratus Trial (MM-010). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 4755.
  43. Rossi CA, Aneja E, Boyer A, et al. Effect of Renal and Hepatic Function on Pomalidomide Dose in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2014;124(21): Abstract 4754.
  44. Short KD, Rajkumar SV, Larson D, et al. Incidence of extramedullary disease in patients with multiple myeloma in the era of novel therapy, and the activity of pomalidomide on extramedullary myeloma. Leukemia. 2011;25(6):906–8. doi: 10.1038/leu.2011.29.
  45. Leleu X, Karlin L, Macro M, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with deletion (del)17p and/or translocation t(4;14). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts). 2013;122(21): Abstract 689.
  46. Leleu X, Karlin L, Macro M, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in multiple myeloma with deletion 17p and/or translocation (4;14): IFM 2010-02 trial results. Blood. 2015;125(9):1411–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612069.
  47. Hanaizi Z, Flores B, Hemmings R, et al. The European Medicines Agency Review of Pomalidomide in Combination with Low-Dose Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Adult Patients with Multiple Myeloma: Summary of the Scientific Assessment of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. The Oncologist. 2015;20(3):329–34. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0073.

Множественная миелома (лечение рецидивов и рефрактерных форм): обзор литературы и собственные данные. Часть III

КЛИНИКА, ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ЛИМФОИДНЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ , , , , , , , , , , ,

С.С. Бессмельцев

ФГБУ «Российский научно-исследовательский институт гематологии и трансфузиологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства», Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация

РЕФЕРАТ

Использование новых подходов в лечении рецидивов/рефрактерных форм множественной миеломы (ММ) привело к существенному увеличению общей выживаемости больных, достижению качественного ответа и более длительной ремиссии по сравнению с пациентами, получавшими стандартную химиотерапию. Эти изменения связаны главным образом с применением новых препаратов: бортезомиба, талидомида, леналидомида, каждый из которых обладает выраженной противомиеломной активностью. Бортезомиб, талидомид и леналидомид используются в комбинации как с химиотерапевтическими препаратами, так и друг с другом, что существенно повышает эффективность лечения больных ММ. Однако, если больные не отвечают на бортезомиб и иммуномодуляторы, прогноз ухудшается. В настоящее время число препаратов, которые используются при ММ, достаточно большое, причем спектр их все более расширяется. Тем не менее результаты лечения больных с рецидивами/рефрактерными формами ММ не вполне удовлетворительные, что свидетельствует о трудностях разработки эффективных лекарственных средств. Появилось большое количество препаратов второго и третьего поколений, которые становятся все более доступными для клинического применения. Проводятся клинические исследования I, II и III фаз по оценке эффективности карфилзомиба, помалидомида, вориностата, панобиностата, ромидепсина, перифосина, танеспимицина, бендамустина и элотузумаба при рецидивах/рефрактерных формах ММ. В обзоре представлены современные подходы к ведению пациентов с рецидивами и рефрактерным течением ММ, основанные на результатах клинических исследований и собственных данных, целью которых было оптимизировать результаты лечения. Представлена эффективность различных классов новых лекарственных средств, обсуждены все «за» и «против», полученные в доклинических и клинических исследованиях. Подробно освещены побочные эффекты новых препаратов.

Ключевые слова: множественная миелома, рецидив, рефрактерное течение, бортезомиб, талидомид, леналидомид, карфилзомиб, помалидомид, лечение, полная ремиссия, общая выживаемость, нейропатия.

Читать  статью в PDFpdficon

ЛИТЕРАТУРА

  1. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М. Множественная миелома. Современный взгляд на проблему. Алматы: Коста, 2007. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M. Mnozhestvennaya miyeloma. Sovremennyy vzglyad na problemu (Multiple myeloma. Current view of the problem). Almaty: Kosta, 2007.]
  2. Harousseau J.L., Shaughnessy J.Jr., Richardson P. Multiple myeloma. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2004: 237–56.
  3. Stewart A.K. Novel therapies for relapsed myeloma. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2009: 555–65.
  4. Podar K., Tai Y.T., Hideshima T. et al. Emerging therapies for multiple myeloma. Expert. Opin. Emerg. Drugs 2009; 14: 99–127.
  5. Ругаль В.И., Бессмельцев С.С., Семенова Н.Ю. и др. Структурные особенности паренхимы и стромы костного мозга больных множественной миеломой. Medline.ru. 2012; 13: 515–23. [Rugal V.I., Bessmeltsev S.S., Semenova N.Yu., et al. Structural features of bone marrow parenchyma and stroma in patients with multiple myeloma. Medline.ru. 2012; 13: 515–23. (In Russ.)].
  6. Morgan G.J., Kaiser M.F. How to use new biology to guide therapy in multiple myeloma. ASH Educ. Book 2012; 2012(1): 342–9.
  7. Morgan G.J., Gregory W.M., Davies F.E. et al.; National Cancer Research Institute Haematological Oncology Clinical Studies Group. The role of maintenance thalidomide therapy in multiple myeloma: MRC Myeloma IX results and meta-analysis. Blood 2012; 119(1): 7–15.
  8. Fonseca R., Debes-Marun C.S., Picken E.B. et al. The recurrent IgH translocations are highly associated with nonhyperdiploid variant multiple myeloma. Blood 2003; 102(7): 2562–67.
  9. Hideshima T., Bergsagel P.L., Kuehl W.M., Anderson K.C. Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications. Blood 2004; 104: 607–18.
  10. Rajkumar S.V., Harousseau J.-L., Durie B. Consensus recommendations for the uniform reporting of clinical trials: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 1. Blood. Prepublished online Feb 3, 2011; doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-299487.
  11. Lonial S. Treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Hematol. Educ. Ann. Congr. Eur. Hematol. Assoc. 2013; 7: 216–26.
  12. Kumar S.K., Lee J.H., Lahuerta J.J. et al. Risk of progression and survival in multiple myeloma relapsed after therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib: a multicenter international myeloma working group study. Leukemia 2012; 26: 149–57.
  13. Durie B.G.M., Harousseau J.-L., Miguel J.S. et al. International uniform response criteria for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2006; 20(9): 1467–73.
  14. Anderson K.C., Kyle R.A., Rajkumar S.V. et al. Clinically relevant end points and new drug approvals for myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22(2): 231–9.
  15. Niesvizky R., Richardson P.G., Rajkumar S.V. et al. The relationship between quality of response and clinical benefit for patients treated on the bortezomib arm of the international, randomized, phase 3 APEX trial in relapsed multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2008; 143(1): 46–53.
  16. Dimopoulos M., Kyle R., Fermand J.-P. et al. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Blood 2011; 117(18): 4701–5.
  17. Avet-Loiseau H. Ultra high-risk myeloma. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2010; 2010: 489–93.
  18. Mohty B., El-Cheikh J., Yakoub-Agha I. et al. Treatment strategies in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a focus on drug sequencing and ‘retreatment’ approaches in the era of novel agents. Leukemia 2012; 26: 73–85.
  19. Kumar S., Mahmood S.T., Lacy M.Q. et al. Impact of early relapse after auto-SCT for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2008; 42: 413–20.
  20. Kroger N., Perez-Simon J.A., Myint H. et al. Relapse to prior autograft and chronic graft-versus-host disease are the strongest prognostic factors for outcome of melphalan/fludarabine-based dose reduced allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients multiple myeloma. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2004; 10: 698–708.
  21. Kroger N., Shimoni A., Schilling G. et al. Unrelated stem cell transplantation after reduced intensity conditioning for patients with multiple myeloma relapsing after autologous transplantation. Br. J. Haematol. 2009; 148: 323–31.
  22. Garban F., Attal M., Michaller M. et al. Prospective comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation followed by dose-reduced allograft (IFM99-03 trial) with tandem autologous stem cell transplantation (IFM99-04 trial) in highrisk de novo multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 107: 3474–80.
  23. Lonial S. Relapsed multiple myeloma. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2010: 303–9.
  24. Mikhael J.R., Goodwin J., Qi X. et al. p53 Deletion Yields High Response Rates but Rapid Progression and Poor Overall Survival in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2007; 110: 953.
  25. Kaufman J., Nooka A., Muppidi S. et al. Survival outcomes of early autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) followed by lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVD) maintenance in patients with high-risk multiple myeloma (MM). ASCO Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012: 8100.
  26. Blade J., Samson D., Reece D. et al. Criteria for evaluating disease response and progression in patients with multiple myeloma treated by high-dose therapy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Myeloma Subcommittee of the EBMT. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplant. Br. J. Haematol. 1998; 102(5): 1115–23.
  27. Alexanian R., Barlogie B., Dixon D. High-dose glucocorticoid treatment of resistant myeloma. Ann. Intern. Med. 1986; 105: 8–11.
  28. Gertz M.A., Garton J.P., Greipp P.R., Witzig T.E., Kyle R.A. A phase II study of high-dose methylprednisolone in refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Leukemia 1995; 9: 2115–8.
  29. Barlogie B., Smith L., Alexanian R. Effective treatment of advanced multiple myeloma refractory to alkylating agents. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 310: 1353–6.
  30. Anderson H., Scarffe J.H., Ranson M. et al. VAD chemotherapies remission induction for multiple myeloma. Br. J. Cancer 1995; 71: 326–30.
  31. Phillips J.K., Sherlaw-Johnson C., Pearce R. et al. A randomized study of MOD versus VAD in the treatment of relapsed and resistant multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma 1995; 17: 465–72.
  32. Durie B.G., Dixon D.O., Carter S. et al. Improved survival duration with combination chemotherapy induction for multiple myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1986; 4: 1227–37.
  33. Giles F.J., Wickham N.R., Rapoport B.L. et al. Cyclophosphamide, etoposide, vincristine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone (CEVAD) regimen in refractory multiple myeloma: an International Oncology Study Group (IOSG) phase II protocol. Am. J. Hematol. 2000; 63: 125–30.
  34. Munshi N., Desikan K., Jagannath S. et al. Dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide and cisplatinum (DCEP), an effective regimen for relapse after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplantation. Blood 1996; 88: Abstract 586a.
  35. Passweg J.R., Baldomero H., Bregni M. et al. Hematopoietic SCT in Europe: date and trends in 2011. Bone Marrow Transplant. Advance online publication 15 April 2013; doi: 10.1038/bmt.2013.51.
  36. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М. Возможности применения производных нитрозометилмочевины и вепезида в химиотерапии множе- ственной миеломы и злокачественных лимфом. Совр. онкол. 2002; 1: 25–9.  [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M. Potentials use of nitrosourea derivatives and VePesid in chemotherapy for multiple myeloma and malignant lymphomas. Sovr. onkol., 2002; 1: 25–9. (In Russ.)].
  37. Parameswaran R., Giles C., Boots M. et al. CCNU (lomustin), idsrubicin and dexamethasone (CIDEX): an effective oral regimen for the treatments of refractory or relapsed myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2000; 109: 571–5.
  38. Abdulkadyrov K.M., Bessmeltsev S.S. Use of VCAP, ARA-COP and VAD schedules in treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). XVI International Cancer Congress. New Delhi (India), 1994: Abstract NA-02807.
  39. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М., Рукавицын О.А. Эффектив- ность некоторых программ полихимиотерапии при лечении больных множественной миеломой. Tер. арх. 1998; 3: 46–9. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M., Rukavitsyn O.A. Efficacy of some polychemotherapy programs in management of patient with multiple myeloma. Ter. arkh., 1998; 3: 46–9. (In Russ.)].
  40. Бессмельцев С.С., Стельмашенко Л.В. Сравнительная оценка раз- личных методов лечения больных с множественной миеломой. Эфферент. тер. 2000; 2: 54–63. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Stelmashenko L.V. Comparative evaluation of various therapeutic methods in patients with multiple myeloma. Efferent. ter. 2000; 2: 54–63. (In Russ.)].
  41. Mohrbacher A.F., Gregory S.A., Gabriel D.A. et al. Liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome) plus dexamethasone for patients with multiple myeloma. A phase II International Oncology Study Group study. Cancer 2002; 94: 2645–52.
  42. Alexanian R., Dimopoulos M.A., Hester I. et al. Early myeloablative therapy for multiple myeloma. Blood 1994; 84(12): 4278–82.
  43. Pulsoni A., Villiva N., Cavalieri E. et al. Continuous low dose of melphalan and prednisone in patients with multiple myeloma of very old age or severe associated disease. Drugs Aging 2002; 19: 947–53.
  44. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М. a-2а-интерферон (Реаферон) в лечении больных множественной миеломой. Вопр. онкол. 1999; 4: 393–7. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M. a-2a-interferon (Reaferon) in management of patients with multiple myeloma. Vopr. onkol., 1999; 4: 393–7. (In Russ.)].
  45. Joshua D.E., Penny R., Matthews J.P. et al. Australian Leukemia Study Group myeloma II: a randomized trial of intensive combination chemotherapy with or without interferon in patients with myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 97: 38–45.
  46. Gertz M.A., Kalish L.A., Kyle R.A. et al. Phase III study comparing vincristine, doxorubicine (Adriamycin), and dexamethasone (VAD) chemotherapy with VAD plus recombinant interferon alfa-2 in refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Am. J Clin. Oncol. 1995; 18: 475–80.
  47. Peest D. The role of alpha-interferon in multiple myeloma. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 1999; 47(2): 172–7.
  48. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М. Эффективность циклоспорина А при рефрактерных формах множественной миеломы и рецидиве заболевания. Актуальные вопросы гематологии и трансфузиологии. Мат-лы Рос. науч.-практ. конф., посвященной 70-летию Российского НИИ гематологии и трансфузиологии, Санкт-Петербург, 18–20 июня 2002 г. СПб., 2002: 98. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M. Effektivnost tsiklosporina A pri refrakternykh formakh mnozhestvennoy mielomy i retsidive zabolevaniya. Aktualnye voprosy gematologii i transfuziologii. Mat-ly Ros. nauch.-prakt. konf., posvyashchennoy 70-letiyu Rossiyskogo NII gematologii i transfuziologii, (Efficacy of cyclosporine A in refractory forms and relapses of multiple myeloma. Current issues in hematology and transfusiology. In: Materials of Rus. scient.-pract. conference dedicated to 70th anniversary of the Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology. Saint Petersburg, June 18-20, 2002, St. Petersburg, 2002: 98.]
  49. Бессмельцев С.С., Абдулкадыров К.М. Современные принципы лечения больных множественной миеломой. Гематол. i трансфузiол.: фунд. та приклад. пит. Мат-лы науч.-практ. конф., Киев, 13–14 октября 2005 г. Киев, 2005: 21–3. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Abdulkadyrov K.M. Sovremennye printsipy lecheniya bolnykh mnozhestvennoy mielomoy. Gematol. i transfuziol.: fund. ta priklad. pit. Mat-ly nauch.-prakt. konf. (Current principles of management of patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol. and transfuiol.: fund. and pract. issues. In: Material of scient.-pract. conference, Kiev, October 13-14, 2005), Kiev, 2005: 21–3.]
  50. Schwarzenbach H. Expression of MDR1/P-glycoprotein, the multidrug resistance protein MRP, and the lung-resistance protein LRP in multiple myeloma. Med. Oncol. 2002; 19: 87–104.
  51. Uchiyama-Kokubu N., Watanabe T., Nakajima M. A bioassay for the activity of PSC 833 in human serum for modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11: 583–90.
  52. Koskela K., Pelliniemi T.T., Pulkki K., Remes K. Treatment of multiple myeloma with all-trans retinoic acid alone and in combination with chemotherapy: a phase I/II trial. Leuk. Lymphoma 2004; 45: 749–54.
  53. Singhal S., Mehta J., Desikan R. et al. Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 341: 1565–71.
  54. Barlogie B., Desikan R., Eddlemon P. et al. Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single agent thalidomide: identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood 2001; 98: 492–4.
  55. Kumar S., Gertz M.A., Dispenzieri A. et al. Response rate, durability of response, and survival after thalidomide therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2003; 78: 34–9.
  56. Yakoub-Agha I., Mary J., Hulin C. et al. Low-dose vs. high-dose thalidomide for advanced multiple myeloma: A prospective trial from the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome. Eur. J. Haematol. 2012; 88: 249–5.
  57. Neben K., Moehler T., Benner A. et al. Dose-dependent effect of thalidomide on overall survival in relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 202; 8: 3377–80.
  58. Glasmacher A., Hahn C., Hoffmann F. et al. A systematic review of phase-II trials of thalidomide monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2006; 132: 584–93.
  59. Kropff M., Baylon H.G., Hillengass J. et al. Thalidomide versus dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma: results from OPTIMUM, a randomized trial. Haematologica 2012; 97(5): 784–91.
  60. Mileshkin L., Stark R., Day B. et al. Development of neuropathy in patients with myeloma treated with thalidomide: patterns of occurrence and the role of electrophysiologic monitoring. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006; 24: 4507–14.
  61. Richardson P., Schlossman R., Jagannath S. et al. Thalidomide for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation: results of an open-label multicenter phase 2 study of efficacy, toxicity, and biological activity. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2004; 79: 875–82.
  62. Dimopoulos M.A., Zervas K., Kouvatseas G. et al. Thalidomide and dexamethasone combination for refractory multiple myeloma. Ann. Oncol. 2001; 12: 991–5.
  63. Weber D. Thalidomide: a wide spectrum of activity. Myeloma Focus. Newslett. Multiple Myel. Res. Found. 2002; IV: 4.
  64. Palumbo A., Bertola A., Falco P. et al. Efficacy of low dose thalidomide as first salvage regimen in multiple myeloma. Hemat. J. 2004; 5: 318–24.
  65. Fermand J.P., Jaccard A., Macro M. et al. A randomized comparison of dexamethasone + thalidomide (Dex/Tal) vs Dex + Placebo (Dex/P) in patients (pts) with relapsing multiple myeloma (MM). Blood 2006; 108: Abstract 3563.
  66. Offidani M., Corvatta L., Marconi M. et al. Thalidomide plus oral melphalan compared with thalidomide alone for advanced multiple myeloma. Hematol. J. 2004; 5: 312–7.
  67. Palumbo A., Avonto I., Bruno B. et al. Intravenous melphalan, thalidomide and prednisone in refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Hematol. 2006; 76: 273–7.
  68. Srakovic G., Elson P., Trebisky B. et al. Use of melphalan, thalidomide and dexamethasone in treatment of refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma. Med. Oncol. 2002; 19: 219–26.
  69. Kyriakou C., Thomson K., D’Sa S. et al. Low-dose thalidomide in combination with oral weekly cyclophosphamide and pulsed dexamethasone is a well tolerated and effective regimen in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2005; 29: 763–5.
  70. Dimopoulos M.A., Hamilos G., Zomas A. et al. Pulsed cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone: an oral regiment for previously treated patients with multiple myeloma. Hematol. J. 2004; 5: 112–7.
  71. Kropff M.N., Lang N., Bisping G. et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide in combination with pulsed dexamethasone and thalidomide (HyperCTD) in primary refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2003; 122: 607–16.
  72. Garcia-Sanz R., Gonzales-Porras H.R., Hermandez J.M. et al. The oral combination of thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ThaCyDex) is effective in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2004; 18: 856–63.
  73. Offidani M., Corvatta L., Marconi M. et al. Low dose thalidomide with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicenter, phase II study. Haematologica 2006; 91: 133–6.
  74. Hussein M.A., Baz R., Srkalovic G. et al. Phase 2 study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, decreased-frequency dexamethasone, and thalidomide in newly diagnosed and relapsed-refractory multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2006; 81: 889–95.
  75. Husseun M.A. Thromboembalism risk reduction in multiple myeloma patients treated with immunomodulatory drug combinations. Tromb. Haemost. 2006; 95: 924–30.
  76. Pineda-Roman M., Zangari M., van Rhee F. et al. VTD combination therapy with bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is highly effective in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22: 1419–27.
  77. Biehn S.E., Moore D.T., Voorhees P.M. et al. Extended follow-up of outcome measures in multiple myeloma patients treated on a phase I study with bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Ann. Hematol. 2007; 86: 211–6.
  78. Reece D.E., Rodriguez G.P., Chen C. et al. Phase I-II trial of bortezomib plus oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26(29): 4777–83.
  79. Garderet L., Iacobelli S., Moreau P. et al. Superiority of the Triple Combination of Bortezomib-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone Over the Dual Combination of Thalidomide-Dexamethasone in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Progressing or Relapsing After Autologous Transplantation: The MMVAR/IFM 2005-04 Randomized Phase III Trial From the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30: 2475–82.
  80. Richardson P.G., Schlossman R.L., Weller E. et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100(9): 3063–7.
  81. Richardson P.G., Blood E., Mitsiades C.S. et al. A randomized phase 2 study of lenalidomide therapy for patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 108: 3458–64.
  82. Weber D., Knight R., Chen C. et al. Prolonged Overall Survival with Lenalidomide Plus Dexamethasone Compared with Dexamethasone Alone in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2007; 110: 412.
  83. Dimopoulos M., Spencer A., Attal M. et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 357: 2123–32.
  84. Reece D.E., Masih-Khan E., Chen C. et al. Lenalidomide (Revlimid) +/- corticosteroids in elderly patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.); 2006; 108: Abstract 3550.
  85. Dimopoulos M.A., Chen C., Spencer A. et al. Long-term follow-up on overall survival from the MM-009 and MM-010 Phase III trials of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009; 23(11): 2147–52.
  86. Wang M., Dimopoulos M.A., Chen C. et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is more effective than dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma regardless of prior thalidomide exposure. Blood 2008; 112(12): 4445–51.
  87. Stadtmauer E., Weber D., Dimopoulos M. et al. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone is more effective than dexamethasone at first relapse in relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.). 2006; 108: Abstract 3552.
  88. Chanan-Khan A.A., Yu Z., Weber D. et al. Lenalidomide (L) in combination with dexamethasone (D) improves time to progression (TTP) in non-stem cell transplant patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) multiple myeloma (MM): analysis from MM-009 and MM-010 randomized phase III clinical trials. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.). 2006; 108: Abstract 3554.
  89. Kyle R.A., Gertz M.A., Witzig T.E. et al. Review of 1027 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2003; 78: 21–33.
  90. Chen N., Lau H., Kong L. et al. Pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment and in subjects on hemodialysis. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2007; 47(12): 1466–75.
  91. Weber D., Wang M., Chen C. et al. Lenalidomide plus high-dose dexamethasone provides improved overall survival compared to high-dose dexamethasone alone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM): results of 2 phase III studies (MM-009, MM-010) and subgroup analysis of patients with impaired renal function. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.). 2006; 108: Abstract 3547.
  92. Bahlis N.J., Song K., Trieu Y. et al. Lenalidomide overcomes poor prognosis conferred by del13q and t(4; 14) but not del17p13 in multiple myeloma: results of the Canadian MM016 trial. Blood 2007; 110: Abstract 3597.
  93. Knight R., De Lap R.J., Zeldis J.B. Lenalidomide and venous thrombosis in multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 354: 2079–80.
  94. Nooka A.K., Kaufman J.L., Heffner L.T. et al. Thromboembolic Events (TEE) with Lenalidomide-Based Therapies for Multiple Myeloma (MM): Emory Experience. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2009; 114: Abstract 3888.
  95. Reece D.E., Masih-Khan E., Chen C. et al. Use of Lenalidomide (Revlimid(R) +/- Corticosteroids in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients with Elevated Baseline Serum Creatinine Levels. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2006; 108: Abstract 3548.
  96. Baz R., Walker E., Karam M.A. et al. Lenalidomide and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: safety and efficacy. Ann. Oncol. 2006; 17: 1766–71.
  97. Knop S., Gerecke C., Topp M.S. et al. Lеnalidomide (revlimidTM), adriamicin and dexamethasone chemotherapy (RAD) is safe and effective in treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma — first results of a German multicentre phase I/II trial. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2006; 108: 408.
  98. Knop S., Gerecke C., Topp M.S. et al. RAD (Revlimid, Adriamycin, Dex) is a new treatment regimen for relapsed multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2007; 92(s2): Abstract PO-658.
  99. Morgan G.J., Schey S.A., Wu P. et al. Lenalidomide (Revlimid), in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (RCD), is an effective and tolerated regimen for myeloma patients. Br. J. Haematol. 2007; 137: 268–9.
  100. Reece D.E., Masin-Khan E., Khan A. et al. Phase I-II trial of oral cyclophosphamide, prednisone and lenalidomide (revlimid (R) (CPR) for treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2009; 114: 1874.
  101. Richardson P.G., Weller E., Jagannath S. et al. Multicenter, phase I, dose-escalation trial of lenalidomide plus bortezomib for relapsed and relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27: 5713–9.
  102. Anderson K., Jagannath S., Jakubowiak A. et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Encouraging outcomes and tolerability in a phase II study. ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27(15S): 8536.
  103. Бессмельцев С.С., Карягина Е.В., Стельмашенко Л.В. и др. Эффективность леналидомида при рефрактерных/рецидивирующих формах множественной миеломы. Онкогематология 2012; 1: 6–14. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Karyagina Ye.V., Stelmashenko L.V. et al. Lenalidomide efficacy in refractory/relapsing forms of multiple myeloma. Onkogematologiya 2012; 1: 6–14. (In Russ.)].
  104. Orlowski R.Z., Stinchcombe T.E., Mitchell B.S. et al. Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002; 20: 4420–7.
  105. Richardson P.G., Barlogie B., Berenson J. et al. A phase 2 study f bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348(26): 2609–17.
  106. Jagannath S., Barlogie B., Berenson J. et al. A phase 2 study of two doses of bortezomib in relapsed or refractory myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2004; 127(2): 165–72.
  107. Jagannath S., Barlogie B., Berenson J.R. et al. Updated survival analyses after prolonged follow-up of the phase 2, multicenter CREST study of bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br. J. Haematol. 2008; 143(4): 537–40.
  108. Richardson P.G., Sonneveld P., Schuster M.W. et al. Bortezomib or highdose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352(24): 2487–98.
  109. Richardson P.G., Sonneveld P., Schuster M. et al. Extended follow-up of a phase 3 trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: final time-to-event results of the APEX trial. Blood 2007; 110(10): 3557–60.
  110. Richardson P., Sonneveld P., Schuster M. et al. Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in high-risk and elderly patients with relapsed myeloma. Program and abstracts of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, May 13–17, 2005; Orlando, Florida. Abstract 6533.
  111. Horton T.M., Gannavarapu A., Blaney S.M. et al. Bortezomib interactions with chemotherapy agents in acute leukemia in vitro. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2006; 58(1): 13–23.
  112. Jagannath S., Richardson P.G., Barlogie B. et al. Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with relapsed and/ or refractory multiple myeloma with less than optimal response to bortezomib alone. Haematologica 2006; 91: 929–34.
  113. Kropff M.H., Bisping G., Wenning D. et al. Bortezomib in combination with dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. Leuk. Res. 2005; 29: 587–90.
  114. Mikhael J.R., Belch A.R., Prince H.M. et al. High response rate to bortezomib with or without dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: results of a global phase 3b expanded access program. Br. J. Haematol. 2009; 144: 169–75.
  115. Chou T. Multiple Myeloma: Recent Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment. J. Clin. Exp. Hematopathol. 2012; 52(3): 149–59.
  116. Бессмельцев С.С., Карягина Е.В., Стельмашенко Л.В. и др. Бортезомиб (Велкейд) в комбинации с дексаметазоном в лечении рефрактерных/рецидивирующих форм множественной миеломы. Результаты заключительного анализа. Клин. онкогематол. 2009; 2(3): 236–44. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Karyagina Ye.V., Stelmashenko L.V., et al. Bortezomib (Velcade) in combination with dexamethasone in therapy for refractory/relapsing forms of multiple myeloma (final analysis results). Klin. onkogematol. 2009; 2(3): 236–44. (In Russ.)].
  117. Richardson P.G., Briemberg H., Jagannath S. et al. Frequency, characteristics, and reversibility of peripheral neuropathy during treatment of advanced multiple myeloma with bortezomib. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006; 24: 3113–20.
  118. Moreau P., Richardson P.G., Cavo M. et al. Proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma: 10 years later. Blood 2012; 120(5): 947–59.
  119. Moreau P., Coiteux V., Hulin C. et al. Prospective comparison of subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2008; 93(12): 1908–11.
  120. Moreau P., Pylypenko H., Grosicki S. et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(5): 431–40.
  121. Бессмельцев С.С., Карягина Е.В., Стельмашенко Л.В. и др. Бортезомиб (велкейд) и дексаметазон в лечении рефрактерных/рецидивирующих форм множественной миеломы (результаты промежуточного анализа). Вестн. гематол. 2008; 4: 14–22. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Karyagina Ye.V., Stelmashenko L.V., et al. Bortezomib (Velcade) in combination with dexamethasone in therapy for refractory/relapsing forms of multiple myeloma (interim analysis results). Vest. gematol. 2008; 4: 14–22. (In Russ.)].
  122. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Richardson P.G. et al. The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 potentiates sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to conventional chemotherapeutic agents: therapeutic applications. Blood 2003; 101(6): 2377–80.
  123. Orlowski R.Z., Voorhees P.M., Garcia R.A. et al. Phase 1 trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Blood 2005; 105(8): 3058–65.
  124. Orlowski R.Z., Nagler A., Sonneveld P. et al. Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progression. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007; 25(25): 3892–901.
  125. Spencer A., Hajek R., Nagler A. et al. Doxil + velcade in previously treated high risk myeloma. Haematologica 2007; 92: 162. 126. San Miguel J., Hajek R., Nagler A. et al. Doxil + velcade in previously treated ³ 65y myeloma pts. Haematologica 2007; 92: 159.
  126. Palumbo A., Gay F., Bringhen S. et al. Bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone in advanced multiple myeloma. Ann. Oncol. 2008; 19(6): 1160–5.
  127. Pineda-Roman M., Zangari M., van Rhee F. et al. VTD combination therapy with bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is highly effective in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22: 1419–27.
  128. Cioli S., Leoni F., Gigli F. et al. Low dose velcade, thalidomide and dexamethasone (LD-VTD): An effective regimen for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma patients. Leuk. Lymphoma 2006; 47: 171–3.
  129. Garderet L., Iacobelli S., Moreau P. et al. Bortezomib (VELCADE)-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone (TD) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) progressing or relapsing after autologous transplantation [abstract]. Haematologica 2011; 96(s2): 420–1. Abstract 1008.
  130. Reece D.E., Rodriguez G.P., Chen C. et al. Phase I-II trial of bortezomib plus oral cyclophosphamide and prednisone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26(29): 4777–83.
  131. Kropff M., Bisping G., Liebisch P. et al. Bortezomib in combination with high dose dexamethasone and continuous low-dose oral cyclophosphamide for relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2005; 106: 2549.
  132. Berenson J., Yang H., Swift R. et al. Bortezomib in Combination with Melphalan in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Phase I/II Study. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2004; 104: Abstract 209.
  133. Terpos E., Anagnostopoulos A., Kastritis E. et al. The Combination of Bortezomib, Melphalan, Dexamethasone and Intermittent Thalidomide (VMDT) Is an Effective Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Myeloma: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2005; 106: 363.
  134. Terpos E., Kastritis E., Roussou M. et al. The combination of bortezomib, melphalan, dexamethasone and intermittent thalidomide is an effective regimen for relapsed/refractory myeloma and is associated with improvement of abnormal bone metabolism and angiogenesis. Leukemia 2008; 22: 2247–56.
  135. Palumbo A., Ambrosini M.T., Pregno P. et al. Velcade plus Melphalan, Prednisone and Thalidomide (V-MPT) for advanced multiple myeloma. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2005; 106: 2553.
  136. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Poulaki V. et al. Molecular sequelae of proteasome inhibition in human multiple myeloma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2002; 99(22): 14374–9.
  137. Richardson P., Jagannath S., Jakubowiak A. et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma (MM): encouraging response rates and tolerability with correlation of outcome and adverse cytogenetics in a phase II study. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2008; 112: Abstract 1742.
  138. Wolf J., Richardson P.G., Schuster M. et al. Utility of bortezomib retreatment in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients: a multicenter case series. Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol. 2008; 6: 755–9.
  139. Hrusovsky I., Emmerich B., Enhgelhardt M. et al. Response to bortezomib retreatment is determined by duration of preceding treatment free interval — results from a retrospective multicenter survey. Haematologica 2008; 93(Suppl. 1): 259. Abstract 0645.
  140. Richardson P.G., Sonneveld P., Schuster M. et al. Extended follow-up of a phase 3 trial in relapsed multiple myeloma: final time-to-event results of the APEX trial. Blood 2007; 110: 3557–60.
  141. Conner Th.M., Doan Q.Ch.D., Walters I.B. et al. An Observational, Retrospective Analysis of Retreatment with Bortezomib for Multiple Myeloma. Clin. Lymph. Myel. 2008; 8(3): 140–5.
  142. Hrusovsky I., Emmerich B., von Rohr A. et al. Bortezomib retreatment in relapsed multiple myeloma: results from a retrospective multicentre survey in Germany and Switzerland. Oncology 2010; 79(3–4): 247–54.
  143. Petrucci M.T., Blau I., Corradini P. et al. Efficacy and safety of retreatment with bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma: interim results from RETRIEVE, a prospective international phase 2 study. Haematologica 2010; 95(s2): 152. Abstract 0377.
  144. Бессмельцев С.С., Стельмашенко Л.В., Карягина Е.В. и др. Лечение рефрактерных/рецидивирующих форм множественной миеломы. Medline. ru. 2011; 12: 763–80. [Bessmeltsev S.S., Stelmashenko L.V., Karyagina Ye.V., et al. Management of refractory/relapsing forms of multiple myeloma. Medline.ru. 2011; 12: 763–80. (In Russ.)].
  145. Verhelle D., Corral L.G., Wong K. et al. Lenalidomide and CC-4047 inhibit the proliferation of malignant B cells while expanding normal CD34+ progenitor cells. Cancer Res. 2007; 67(2): 746–55.
  146. Mitsiades N., Mitsiades C.S., Poulaki V. et al. Apoptotic signaling induced by immunomodulatory thalidomide analogs in human multiple myeloma cells: therapeutic implications. Blood 2002; 99(12): 4525–30.
  147. Schey S., Ramasamy K. Pomalidomide therapy for myeloma. Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs 2011; 20: 691–700.
  148. Terpos E., Kanellias N., Christoulas D. et al. Pomalidomide: a novel drug to treat relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Oncol. Targ. Ther. 2013; 6: 531–8.
  149. Schey S.A., Fields P., Bartlett J.B. et al. Phase I study of an immunomodulatory thalidomide analog, CC-4047, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22: 3269–76.
  150. Streetly M.J., Gyertson K., Daniel Y. et al. Alternate day pomalidomide retains anti-myeloma effect with reduced adverse events and evidence of in vivo immunomodulation. Br. J. Haematol. 2008; 141(1): 41–51.
  151. Richardson P.G., Siegel D.S., Vij R. et al. Randomized, Open Label Phase 1/2 Study of Pomalidomide (POM) Alone or in Combination with Low-Dose Dexamethasone (LoDex) in Patients (Pts) with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma Who Have Received Prior Treatment That Includes Lenalidomide (LEN) and Bortezomib (BORT): Phase 2 Results. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2011; 118: 634.
  152. Richardson P.G., Siegel D., Baz R. et al. Phase 1 study of pomalidomide MTD, safety, and efficacy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma who have received lenalidomide and bortezomib. Blood 2013; 121(11): 1961–7.
  153. Leleu X., Attal M., Arnulf B. et al. High Response Rates to Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone in Patients with Refractory Myeloma, Final Analysis of IFM 2009-02. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2011; 118: 812.
  154. Leleu X., Attal M., Arnulf B. et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone is active and well tolerated in bortezomib and lenalidomide– refractory multiple myeloma: Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 2009-02. Published online before print January 14, 2013, doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-09- 452375. Blood 2013; 121(11): 1968–75.
  155. Lacy M.Q., Kumar S.K., LaPlant B.R. et al. Pomalidomide Plus Low-Dose Dexamethasone (Pom/Dex) in Relapsed Myeloma: Long Term Follow up and Factors Predicting Outcome in 345 Patients. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 201.
  156. Vij R., Richardson P.G., Jagannath S. et al. Pomalidomide (POM) with or without low-dose dexamethasone (LoDEX) in patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): outcomes in pts refractory to lenalidomide (LEN) and/or bortezomib (BORT). J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(Suppl.): Abstract 8016.
  157. Dimopoulos M.A., Lacy M.Q., Moreau P. et al. Pomalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone: demonstrates a significant progression free survival and overall survival advantage, in relapsed/refractory ММ: a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, open-label study. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2012; 120: Abstract LBA-6.
  158. San-Miguel J.F., Weisel K.C., Moreau Ph. et al. MM-003: A phase III, multicenter, randomized, open-label study of pomalidomide (POM) plus lowdose dexamethasone (LoDEX) versus high-dose dexamethasone (HiDEX) in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). 2013 ASCO Annual Meeting. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013; 31(Suppl.): Abstract 8510.
  159. Palumbo A., Larocca A., Montefusco V. et al. Pomalidomide Cyclophosphamide and Prednisone (PCP) Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 446.
  160. Shah J.J., Stadtmauer E.A., Abonour R. et al. A Multi-Center Phase I/ II Trial of Carfilzomib and Pomalidomide with Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 74.
  161. Richardson P.G., Hofmeister C.C., Siegel D. et al. MM-005: A Phase 1, Multicenter, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Study to Determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose for the Combination of Pomalidomide, Bortezomib, and Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Subjects with Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 727.
  162. Mark T.M., Boyer A., Rossi A.C. et al. ClaPD (Clarithromycin, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone) Therapy in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2012; 120: Abstract 77.
  163. Jain S., Diefenbach C., Zain J., O’Connor O.A. Emerging role of carfilzomib in treatment of relapsed and refractory lymphoid neoplasms and multiple myeloma. Core Evid. 2011; 6: 43–57.
  164. Reece D.E. Carfilzomib in multiple myeloma: gold, silver, or bronze? Blood 2012; 120(14): 2776–7.
  165. Badros A.Z., Vij R., Martin T. et al. Phase I study of carfilzomib in patients (pts) with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) and varying degrees of renal insufficiency [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 3877.
  166. Jagannath S., Vij R., Stewart A.K. et al. An open-label single arm pilot phase II study (PX-171-003-A0) of low-dose, single agent carfilzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Clin. Lymph. Myel. Leuk. 2012; 12: 310–8.
  167. Vij R., Wang M., Kaufman J.L. et al. An open-label, single-arm, phase 2 (PX-171-004) study of single-agent carfilzomib in bortezomib-naive patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2012; 119: 5661–70.
  168. Siegel D.S., Martin T., Wang M. et al. Results of PX-171-003-A1, an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 (ph 2) study of carfilzomib (CFZ) in patients (pts) with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2010; 116(21): 433. Abstract 985.
  169. Siegel D.S., Martin T., Wang M. et al. A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2012; 120(14): 2817–25.
  170. Vij R., Siegel D.S., Kaufman J.L. et al. Results of an ongoing open-label, phase II study of carfilzomib in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM). J. Clin. Oncol. 2010; 28(15s): 573s. Abstract 8000.
  171. Vij R., Wang M., Kaufman J.L. et al. An open-label, single-arm, phase 2 (PX-171-004) study of single-agent carfilzomib in bortezomib-naive patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma [published online ahead of print May 3, 2012]. Blood. doi: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-414359.
  172. Jakubowiak A.J., Martin T., Singhal S. et al. Responses to single-agent carfilzomib (CFZ) are not affected by cytogenetics in patients (pts) with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Ann. Oncol. 2011; 22(Suppl. 4): iv122. Abstract 117.
  173. Singhal S., Siegel D.S., Martin T. et al. Integrated safety from phase 2 studies of monotherapy carfilzomib in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM): an updated analysis [abstract]. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2011; 118(21): 819. Abstract 1876.
  174. Badros A.Z., Vij R., Martin T. et al. Carfilzomib in multiple myeloma patients with renal impairment: pharmacokinetics and safety. Leukemia 2013; 27: 1707–14.
  175. Niesvizky R., Wang L., Orlowski R.Z. et al. Phase Ib multicenter dose escalation study of carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and low dose dexamethasone (CRd) in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2009; 114(22): 128–9. Abstract 304.
  176. Wang M., Bensinger W., Martin T. et al. Interim results from PX-171-006, a phase (Ph) II multicenter dose-expansion study of carfilzomib (CFZ = CRd), lenalidomide (LEN), and low-dose dexamethasone (loDex) in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM). ASCO Ann. Meet. 2011; 29(15): 8025.
  177. Hajek R., Bryce R., Ro S. et al. Design and rationale of FOCUS (PX- 171-011): a randomized, open-label, phase 3 study of carf lzomib versus best supportive care regimen in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM). BMC Cancer 2012; 12: 415.
  178. Potts B.C., Albitar M.X., Anderson K.C. Marizomib, a proteasome inhibitor for all seasons: preclinical profile and a framework for clinical trials. Curr. Cancer Drug Targ. 2011; 11(3): 254–84.
  179. Richardson P.G., Spencer A., Cannell P. et al. Phase 1 clinical evaluation of twice-weekly marizomib (NPI-0052), a novel proteasome inhibitor, in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) [abstract]. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2011; 118(21): 140–1. Abstract 302.
  180. Richardson P.G., Baz R., Wang L. et al. Investigational agent MLN9708, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in patients (pts) with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (MM): results from the expansion cohorts of a phase 1 doseescalation study. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2011; 118(21): 140. Abstract 301.
  181. Kumar S., Bensinger W.I., Reeder C.B. et al. Weekly dosing of the investigational oral proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 in patients with relapsed and/ or refractory multiple myeloma: results from a phase 1 dose-escalation study [abstract]. Blood (ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr.) 2011; 118(21): 371–2. Abstract 816.
  182. Hideshima T., Catley L., Yasui H. et al. Perifosine, an oral bioactive novel alkylphospholipid, inhibits Akt and induces in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity in human multiple myeloma cells. Blood 2006; 107: 4053–62.
  183. Mitsiades C.S., Mitsiades N., Poulaki V. et al. Activation of NF-kappaB and upregulation of intracellular anti-apoptotic proteins via the IGF-1/Akt signaling in human multiple myeloma cells: therapeutic implications. Oncogene 2002; 21: 5673–83.
  184. Jakubowiak A., Richardson P., Zimmerman T.M. et al. Phase I results of perifosine (KRX-0401) in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with relapse or refractory multiple myeloma (mm) [ASH abstract]. Blood 2008; 112: 3691.
  185. Richardson P., Lonial S., Jakubowiak A. et al. Multi-center phase II study of perifosine (KRX-0401) alone and in combination with dexamethasone (dex) for patients with relapsed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: promising activity as combination therapy with manageable toxicity [ASH abstract]. Blood 2007; 110: 1164.
  186. Richardson P., Wolf J.L., Jakubowiak A. et al. Perifosine in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone extends progression-free survival and overall survival in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients previously treated with bortezomib: updated phase I/II trial results [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 1869.
  187. Khan N., Jeffers M., Kumar S. et al. Determination of the class and isoform selectivity of small-molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors. Biochem. J. 2008; 409: 581–9.
  188. Wolf J.L., Siegel D., Matous J. et al. A phase II study of oral panobinostat (LBH589) in adult patients with advanced refractory multiple myeloma [ASH abstract]. Blood 2008; 112: 2774.
  189. Spencer A., Taylor K.M., Lonial S. et al. Panobinostat plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone phase I trial in multiple myeloma (MM) [ASCO abstract]. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27: 8542.
  190. Berenson J.R., Yellin O., Boccia R.V. et al. A phase I study of oral melphalan combined with LBH589 for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM) [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 1855.
  191. Siegel D., Sezer O., San Miguel J. et al. A phase IB, multicenter, openlabel, dose-escalation study of oral panobinostat (LBH589) and I.V. bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma [ASH abstract]. Blood 2008; 112: 2781.
  192. San Miguel J., Sezer O., Siegel D. et al. A phase IB, multi-center, openlabel dose-escalation study of oral panobinostat (LBH589) and I.V. bortezomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 3852.
  193. Alsina M., Schlossman R., Weber D.M. et al. PANORAMA 2: a phase II study of panobinostat in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and bortezomib-refractory multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(Suppl.): Abstract 8012.
  194. Richardson P.G., Schlossman R.L., Alsina M. et al. PANORAMA 2: Panobinostat in Combination With Bortezomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With Relapsed and Bortezomib-Refractory Myeloma. Blood 2013. doi: 10.1182/blood- 2013-01-481325 (Epub Ahead of Print: bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org).
  195. Prince M., Quach H., Neeson P. et al. Safety and efficacy of the combination of bortezomib with the deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: preliminary results of a phase I trial [ASH abstract]. Blood 2007; 110: 1167.
  196. Berenson J.R., Yellin O., Mapes R. et al. A phase II study of a 1-hour infusion of romidepsin combined with bortezomib for multiple myeloma (MM) patients with relapsed or refractory disease. [ASCO abstract]. J. Clin. Oncol 2009; 27: e19508.
  197. Harrison S.J., Quach H., Yuen K. et al. High response rates with the combination of bortezomib, dexamethasone and the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a phase I/II clinical trial [ASH abstract]. Blood 2008; 112: 3698.
  198. Mann B.S., Johnson J.R., Cohen M.H. et al. FDA approval summary: vorinostat for treatment of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncologist 2007; 12: 1247–52.
  199. Badros A., Burger A.M., Philip S. et al. Phase I study of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009; 15: 5250–7.
  200. Jagannath S., Weber D., Sobecks R. et al. The combination of vorinostat and bortezomib provides long-term responses in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 3886.
  201. Siegel D., Jagannath S., Lonial S. et al. Update on the phase IIb, openlabel study of vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 3890.
  202. Siegel D., Weber D.M., Mitsiades C. et al. Combined vorinostat, lenalidomide and dexamethasone therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a phase I study [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 305.
  203. Voorhees P.M., Gasparetto C., Richards K.L. et al. Vorinostat in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and bortezomib for patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: results of a phase I study [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 306.
  204. Siegel D.S., Dimopoulos M.A., Yoon S.-S. et al. VANTAGE 095: vorinostat in combination with bortezomib in salvage multiple myeloma patients: final study results of a global phase 2b trial. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2011; 118: 480.
  205. Siegel D., Munster P.N., Rubin E.H. et al. The combined safety and tolerability profile of vorinostat-based therapy for solid or hematologic malignancies [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 1710.
  206. Raje N., Hari P.N., Vogl D.T. et al. Rocilinostat (ACY-1215), a selective HDAC6 inhibitor, alone and in combination with bortezomib in multiple myeloma: preliminary results from the first-in-humans phase I/II study. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 4061.
  207. Kapoor T.M., Mayer T.U., Coughlin M.L. et al. Probing spindle assembly mechanisms with monastrol, a small molecule inhibitor of the mitotic kinesin, Eg5. J. Cell Biol. 2000; 150: 975–88.
  208. Sawin K.E., LeGuellec K., Philippe M. et al. Mitotic spindle organization by a plus-end-directed microtubule motor. Nature 1992; 359: 540–3.
  209. Shah J.J., Zonder J., Cohen A. et al. ARRY-520 Shows Durable Responses in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma in a Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2011; 118: 1860.
  210. Shah J.J., Zonder J.A., Cohen A. et al. The Novel KSP Inhibitor ARRY- 520 Is Active Both with and without Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Refractory to Bortezomib and Lenalidomide: Results From a Phase 2 Study. ASH Ann. Meet. Abstr. 2012; 120: 449.
  211. Leoni L.M., Bailey B., Reifert J. et al. Bendamustine (Treanda) displays a distinct pattern of cytotoxicity and unique mechanistic features compared with other alkylating agents. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 309–17.
  212. Michael M., Bruns I., Bolke E. et al. Bendamustine in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2010; 15: 13–9.
  213. Knop S., Straka C., Haen M. et al. The efficacy and toxicity of bendamustine in recurrent multiple myeloma after high-dose chemotherapy. Haematologica 2005; 90: 1287–8.
  214. Ponisch W., Rozanski M., Goldschmidt H. et al. Combined bendamustine, prednisolone and thalidomide for refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma after autologous stem-cell transplantation or conventional chemotherapy: results of a Phase I clinical trial. Br. J. Haematol. 2008; 143: 191–200.
  215. Fenk R., Michael M., Zohren F. et al. Escalation therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone and bendamustine for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leuk. Lymphoma 2007; 48: 2345–51.
  216. Havasi A., Li Z., Wang Z. et al. Hsp27 inhibits Bax activation and apoptosis via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 2008; 283: 12305–13.
  217. Ciocca D.R., Calderwood S.K. Heat shock proteins in cancer: diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and treatment implications. Cell Stress Chaperones 2005; 10: 86–103.
  218. Chauhan D., Li G., Hideshima T. et al. Hsp27 inhibits release of mitochondrial protein Smac in multiple myeloma cells and confers dexamethasone resistance. Blood 2003; 102: 3379–86.
  219. Chauhan D., Li G., Shringarpure R. et al. Blockade of Hsp27 overcomes bortezomib/proteasome inhibitor PS-341 resistance in lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 6174–7.
  220. Badros A.Z., Richardson P.G., Albitar M. et al. Tanespimycin + bortezomib in relapsed/refractory myeloma patients: results from the Time-2 study. Blood 2009; 114: 1871 (ASH abstract).
  221. Richardson P., Chanan-Khan A.A., Lonial S. et al. Tanespimycin + bortezomib demonstrates safety, activity, and effective target inhibition in relapsed/refractory myeloma patients: updated results of a phase 1/2 study [ASH abstract]. Blood 2009; 114: 2890.
  222. Badros A.Z., Richardson P.G., Albitar M. et al. Tanespimycin + bortezomib in relapsed/refractory myeloma patients: results from the Time-2 study (ASH abstract). Blood 2009; 114: 1871.
  223. Lonial S., Jagannath S. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 13th International Myeloma Workshop, Paris, France, May 3–6, 2011; Abstract Book: S22–3.
  224. Plesner T., Lokhorst H.M., Gimsing P. et al. Daratumumab, a CD38 monoclonal antibody in patients with multiple myeloma — date from a doseescalation phase I/II study. 54th American Society Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition; December 8–11, 2012; Atlanta, GA.
  225. Харченко М.Ф., Бессмельцев С.С. Значение протеогликанов в патогенезе множественной миеломы. Medline.ru. 2010; 11: 404–23. [Kharchenko M.F., Bessmeltsev S.S. Significance of proteoglycans in pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Medline.ru. 2010; 11: 404–23. (In Russ.)].
  226. Dimopoulos M.A., San-Miguel J.F., Anderson K.C. Emerging therapies for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Eur. J. Haematol. 2010; 86: 1–15.
  227. Tai Y.T., Dillon M., Song W. et al. Anti-CS1 humanized monoclonal antibody HuLuc63 inhibits myeloma cell adhesion and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in the bone marrow milieu. Blood 2008; 112: 1329–37.
  228. Hsi E.D., Steinle R., Balasa B. et al. CS1, a potential new therapeutic antibody target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14: 2775–84.
  229. Van Rhee F., Szmania S.M., Dillon M. et al. Combinatorial efficacy of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab (HuLuc63) and bortezomib against multiple myeloma. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2009; 8: 2616–24.
  230. Lonial S., Vij R., Harousseau J. et al. Multiple Myeloma Research Consortium. Elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a phase I/II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010; 28: 8020.
  231. Richardson P.G., Jagannath S., Moreau P. et al. A phase 2 study of elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: update results: 54th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition; December 8–11, 2012; Atlanta, GA.