ОМЛ

Создание ксенографтных моделей от больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами с использованием иммунодефицитных мышей линии NSG-SGM3

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ, ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ , ,

Е.В. Байдюк1, Е.В. Белоцерковская1, Л.Л. Гиршова1,2, В.А. Голотин1, К.А. Левчук2, M.Л. Васютина2, Я.А. Портная1, Е.В. Щелина2, О.Г. Бреднева2, А.В. Петухов1,2,3, А.Ю. Зарицкий2, О.Н. Демидов1,3

1 ФГБУН «Институт цитологии РАН», Тихорецкий пр-т, д. 4, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 194064

2 ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341

3 НТУ «Сириус», Олимпийский пр-т, д. 1, Сочи, Российская Федерация, 354340

Для переписки: Екатерина Викторовна Байдюк, канд. биол. наук, Тихорецкий пр-т, д. 4, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 194064; e-mail: katya_bay@mail.ru; Екатерина Васильевна Белоцерковская, канд. биол. наук, Тихорецкий пр-т, д. 4, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 194064; e-mail: belotserkovskaya.ev@gmail.com

Для цитирования: Байдюк Е.В., Белоцерковская Е.В., Гиршова Л.Л. и др. Создание ксенографтных моделей от больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами с использованием иммунодефицитных мышей линии NSG-SGM3. Клиническая онкогематология. 2021;14(4):414–25.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2021-14-4-414-425

РЕФЕРАТ

Актуальность. До настоящего времени показатели выживаемости пациентов с острыми миелоидными лейкозами (ОМЛ) остаются неудовлетворительными. Для успешного лечения ОМЛ необходимо создание персонализированных моделей этого заболевания. Наиболее перспективным направлением в данной области является разработка ксенографтных моделей от больных ОМЛ с использованием наиболее современной линии иммунодефицитных «гуманизированных» мышей NSG-SGM3.

Цель. Создание ксенографтных моделей от больных ОМЛ с использованием иммунодефицитных мышей линии NSG-SGM3.

Материалы и методы. Для создания PDX-моделей использовались образцы аспирата костного мозга 4 пациентов с впервые диагностированным ОМЛ, проходивших лечение в ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова» МЗ РФ. Опухолевые клетки от пациентов трансплантировали мышам линии NSG-SGM3. Для проведения контрольного эксперимента мышам NSG-SGM3 вводили клетки линий ОМЛ: OCI-АМL2 и HL60. Эффективность приживления образцов опухоли оценивалась на основе физического состояния животных и лабораторных исследований (формула крови, мазок крови, ПЦР, проточная цитофлюориметрия).

Результаты. Приживление введенных опухолевых клеток от 4 пациентов с ОМЛ достигнуто у половины (2 из 4) мышей. У 2 мышей с успешной трансплантацией имел место лейкоцитоз. Бластные клетки обнаруживались в периферической крови на 30-й день после трансплантации. У мышей с инъецированными клеточными линиями ОМЛ OCI-АМL2 и HL60 наблюдалось более агрессивное течение заболевания. Среди протестированных подходов для оценки приживления опухоли у мышей-реципиентов метод ПЦР отличался наибольшей чувствительностью.

Заключение. Использование иммунодефицитных «гуманизированных» мышей линии NSG-SGM3 позволяет успешно получать ксенографтные модели от пациентов с ОМЛ.

Ключевые слова: ксенографтная модель, иммунодефицитные «гуманизированные» мыши, ОМЛ, мыши линии NSG-SGM3.

Получено: 27 апреля 2021 г.

Принято в печать: 1 августа 2021 г.

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Статистика Plumx русский

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Применение антибиотиков при фебрильной нейтропении у больных острыми лейкозами

ОСЛОЖНЕНИЯ ПРОТИВООПУХОЛЕВОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ , , , , , ,

В.А. Охмат, Г.А. Клясова, Е.Н. Паровичникова, В.В. Троицкая, Е.О. Грибанова, В.Г. Савченко

ФГБУ «НМИЦ гематологии» Минздрава России, Новый Зыковский пр-д, д. 4, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125167

Для переписки: Владимир Александрович Охмат, канд. мед. наук, Новый Зыковский пр-д, д. 4, Москва, Российская Федерация, 125167; тел.: +7(495)614-92-72; e-mail: okhmatvladimir@mail.ru

Для цитирования: Охмат В.А., Клясова Г.А., Паровичникова Е.Н. и др. Применение антибиотиков при фебрильной нейтропении у больных острыми лейкозами. Клиническая онкогематология. 2018;11(1):100-9.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2018-11-1-100-109

РЕФЕРАТ

Цель. Оценить результаты применения антибиотиков при фебрильной нейтропении у больных острыми миелоидными (ОМЛ) и острыми лимфобластными лейкозами (ОЛЛ).

Материалы и методы. В проспективное исследование (2013–2015 гг.) включено 66 больных ОМЛ и 44 — ОЛЛ, получивших 480 курсов химиотерапии в течение 6 мес.

Результаты. Фебрильную нейтропению регистрировали в 242 (50 %) курсах химиотерапии, чаще у больных ОМЛ, чем ОЛЛ (93 vs 18 %; p < 0,0001). У больных ОМЛ инфекции преобладали в индукции и консолидации (98 vs 89 %), при ОЛЛ — в индукции (55 %). У больных ОМЛ в сравнении с больными ОЛЛ излечение от инфекций было реже при использовании антибиотиков 1-го этапа в режиме монотерапии (24 vs 57 %; p < 0,0001), но чаще при добавлении препаратов других групп (37 vs 18 %; p = 0,01). Эффект при назначении β-лактамных антибиотиков у больных ОМЛ был реже на этапе индукции, чем в консолидации (47 vs 72 %; p = 0,0004). При гранулоцитопении более 14 дней частота ответа при использовании антибиотиков 1-го этапа и карбапенемов составила 23–24 %, а в 47 % случаев его регистрировали при добавлении других противомикробных препаратов, чаще противогрибковых (21 %). При лихорадке неясной этиологии ответ отмечался при применении антибиотиков 1-го этапа в режиме монотерапии (45 %). При клинически и микробиологически доказанной инфекции весомая доля излечений наблюдалась при сочетании β-лактамных антибиотиков с другими препаратами (43 %).

Заключение. У больных ОЛЛ и при лихорадке неясной этиологии оптимальной следует признать эскалационную стратегию применения антибиотиков. У больных ОМЛ на этапе индукции, в случаях продолжительной нейтропении (> 14 дней), при клинически и микробиологически доказанных инфекциях эффективность β-лактамных антибиотиков в режиме монотерапии ниже. В 37–48 % случаев излечение регистрировали при добавлении других противомикробных препаратов.

Ключевые слова: острый лейкоз, ОМЛ, ОЛЛ, фебрильная нейтропения, лихорадка неясной этиологии, клинически и микробиологически доказанная инфекция, антибиотики.

Получено: 2 июля 2017 г.

Принято в печать: 20 октября 2017 г.

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Прогностическое значение и корреляция динамики гиперэкспрессии гена WT1 и мутации гена NPM1 у пациентов с острым миелобластным лейкозом

МИЕЛОИДНЫЕ ОПУХОЛИ , , , ,

Л.Л. Гиршова, И.Г. Будаева, Е.Г. Овсянникова, С.О. Кузин, Д.В. Моторин, Р.Ш. Бадаев, Д.Б. Заммоева, В.В. Иванов, К.В. Богданов, О.С. Писоцкая, Ю.В. Миролюбова, Т.С. Никулина, Ю.А. Алексеева, А.Ю. Зарицкий

ФГБУ «НМИЦ им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341

Для переписки: Ирина Гармаевна Будаева, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341; тел.: +7(931)351-07-06; e-mail: irina2005179@mail.ru

Для цитирования: Гиршова Л.Л., Будаева И.Г., Овсянникова Е.Г. и др. Прогностическое значение и корреляция динамики гиперэкспрессии гена WT1 и мутации гена NPM1 у пациентов с острым миелобластным лейкозом. Клиническая онкогематология. 2017;10(4):485–93.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2017-10-4-485-493

РЕФЕРАТ

Актуальность. Острый миелобластный лейкоз (ОМЛ) с мутацией NPM1 составляет 30 % всех ОМЛ и характеризуется благоприятным прогнозом, за исключением случаев с мутацией FLT3-ITD. Несмотря на благоприятный прогноз, вероятность развития рецидивов у пациентов с мутацией NPM1 может принципиально отличаться. В связи с этим все большую актуальность приобретает возможность оценки минимальной остаточной болезни (МОБ) на фоне программной химиотерапии и на этапе последующего наблюдения. Такой подход позволит прогнозировать чувствительность опухолевого клона к химиотерапии.

Цель. Оценить результаты использования высокоспецифичного (мутации NPM1) и более универсального неспецифичного (гиперэкспрессия гена WT1) маркеров для оценки МОБ, а также выявить корреляцию в динамике изменений уровней NPM1 и WT1 на разных этапах терапии и после ее окончания в период наблюдения.

Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 14 пациентов c ОМЛ. У всех больных имели место мутация NPM1 и гиперэкспрессия гена WT1. У 50 % пациентов обнаруживались дополнительные молекулярные маркеры (гиперэкспрессия BAALC, мутации FLT3-ITD, DNMT3A, MLL). Представлен длительный мониторинг уровней экспрессии WT1 и мутации NPM1 методом ПЦР в режиме реального времени.

Результаты. Медиана редукции уровня NPM1 после индукционной терапии составила 3 log. У всех пациентов данной группы развились рецидивы, присутствовала мутация NPM1, отмечались более низкие показатели общей (ОВ) и безрецидивной выживаемости (БРВ), что статистически значимо коррелирует с наличием прогностически неблагоприятных молекулярных маркеров. Не отмечено статистически значимых различий БРВ в группах с редукцией уровня экспрессии WT1 < или > 2 log на 28-й день лечения. В то же время при редукции уровня экспрессии WT1 ≥ 2 log выявлена статистически значимая разница в развитии раннего рецидива в зависимости от уровня снижения NPM1 (≥ или < 3 log). БРВ была более долгосрочной у пациентов с уровнем экспрессии WT1 < 100/104 копий ABL на 28-й день и WT1 < 250/104 копий ABL на 14-й день от начала терапии. Уровень экспрессии WT1 был значительно ниже на 14-й и 28-й дни у пациентов с редукцией NPM1 > 3 log на 28-й день. Снижение экспрессии WT1 < 100/104 копий ABL на 28-й день чаще встречалось у пациентов с изолированной мутацией NPM1 в отличие от больных с дополнительными неблагоприятными молекулярными маркерами.

Заключение. Уровень редукции NPM1 после индукционной терапии может служить достоверным предиктором, влияющим на показатели БРВ и ОВ. Выявлена корреляция между степенью редукции NPM1 и наличием дополнительных молекулярных маркеров. При сравнении универсального (гиперэкспрессия WT1) и высокоспецифичного (мутация NPM1) маркеров NPM1 оказался более чувствительным маркером. В работе подтверждено прогностическое значение более низкого порогового уровня WT1 на 28-й день лечения (100/104 копий ABL) и впервые показано влияние на результаты терапии ранней оценки редукции экспрессии WT1 на 14-й день индукционного курса.

Ключевые слова: острый миелобластный лейкоз, ОМЛ, NPM1, WT1, молекулярный мониторинг.

Получено: 22 февраля 2017 г.

Принято в печать: 26 мая 2017 г.

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Цитогенетические и молекулярно-генетические факторы прогноза острых миелоидных лейкозов

ОБЗОРЫ , , , ,

А.В. Мисюрин

ФГБУ «Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России, Каширское ш., д. 24, Moсква, Российская Федерация, 115478

Для переписки: Андрей Витальевич Мисюрин, канд. биол. наук, Каширское ш., д. 24, Moсква, Российская Федерация, 115478; e-mail: and@genetechnology.ru

Для цитирования: Мисюрин А.В. Цитогенетические и молекулярно-генетические факторы прогноза острых миелоидных лейкозов. Клиническая онкогематология. 2017;10(2):227–34.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2017-10-2-227-234

РЕФЕРАТ

В обзоре приведены данные о диагностическом и прогностическом значении цитогенетических и молекулярно-генетических маркеров острых миелоидных лейкозов (ОМЛ). Показано, что в ряде случаев выделенные ранее на основе клинико-морфоцитохимических характеристик варианты ОМЛ можно разграничить благодаря обнаружению специфических генетических и хромосомных дефектов. Тем не менее, некоторые одинаковые повторяющиеся хромосомные аномалии могут быть обнаружены у больных ОМЛ, заболевание у которых согласно клинико-морфоцитохимическим признакам можно отнести к разным вариантам миелоидного лейкоза. В настоящее время признается, что изменение кариотипа является определяющим фактором прогноза, имеющим более существенное значение, чем критерии, основанные на морфологических и цитохимических признаках. В связи с этим выбор риск-адаптированной программы лечения ОМЛ следует проводить с учетом результатов цитогенетического исследования. В обзоре особый раздел посвящен известным к настоящему времени мутациям генов, которые могут влиять на результаты лечения ОМЛ.

Ключевые слова: ОМЛ, хромосомная аномалия, химерный онкоген, экспрессия гена, мутация гена.

Получено: 16 сентября 2016 г.

Принято в печать: 3 января 2017 г.

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Молекулярный мониторинг уровня транскрипта RUNX1-RUNX1T1 при острых миелобластных лейкозах на фоне терапии

МИЕЛОИДНЫЕ ОПУХОЛИ , , ,

Л.Л. Гиршова, Е.Г. Овсянникова, С.О. Кузин, Е.Н. Горюнова, Р.И. Вабищевич, А.В. Петров, Д.В. Моторин, Д.В. Бабенецкая, В.В. Иванов, К.В. Богданов, И.В. Холопова, Т.С. Никулина, Ю.В. Миролюбова, Ю.А. Алексеева, А.Ю. Зарицкий

ФГБУ «Северо-Западный федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341

Для переписки: Екатерина Геннадьевна Овсянникова, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, 197341; тел.: +7(921)313-68-35; e-mail: katrin51297@mail.ru

Для цитирования: Гиршова Л.Л., Овсянникова Е.Г., Кузин С.О. и др. Молекулярный мониторинг уровня транскрипта RUNX1-RUNX1T1 при острых миелобластных лейкозов на фоне терапии. Клиническая онкогематология. 2016;9(4):456–64.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-4-456-464

РЕФЕРАТ

Актуальность. Современные подходы к терапии острых миелобластных лейкозов (ОМЛ) заключаются в достижении максимальной редукции опухоли и, соответственно, эрадикации лейкозного клона. За исключением случаев изолированной молекулярной перестройки RUNX1-RUNX1T1, целью терапии является достижение неопределяемого уровня таргетного (исследуемого) гена.

Цель. Оценить динамику уровня RUNX1-RUNX1T1 и соответствующих клинических проявлений в ходе мониторинга на различных этапах программной терапии и после ее завершения.

Методы. В работе представлено описание 10 наблюдений ОМЛ с изолированной экспрессией RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (n = 4) и в сочетании с различными молекулярными и цитогенетическими аномалиями (n = 6). Кроме того, представлено наблюдение длительного мониторинга экспрессии гена методом количественного определения RUNX1-RUNX1T1 с помощью ПЦР в реальном времени.

Результаты. Частота рецидивов в группе со снижением уровня экспрессии RUNX1-RUNX1T1 ³ 2 log составила 75 % в сравнении с пациентами, у которых был меньше уровень снижения транскрипта с частотой рецидивов 0 % (p = 0,05). Нарастание уровня RUNX1-RUNX1T1 на фоне сохранения костномозговой ремиссии более чем на 1 log совпадало с развитием костномозгового рецидива в течение 5–18 нед. Кроме того, возможно длительное сохранение определенного уровня транскрипта после завершения программной терапии без развития рецидивов.

Заключение. В работе подвергнуты анализу возможные молекулярные предпосылки различных клинических исходов ОМЛ у больных с длительной персистенцией транскрипта RUNX1-RUNX1T1. Это, возможно, позволит сформировать индивидуализированный подход к пациентам с ОМЛ.

Ключевые слова: острый миелобластный лейкоз, ОМЛ, RUNX1-RUNX1T1, молекулярный мониторинг.

Получено: 5 апреля 2016 г.

Принято в печать: 18 апреля 2016 г.

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Мутации генов при острых миелоидных лейкозах

ОБЗОРЫ , , , , ,

О.В. Блау

Клиника Шарите, Берлинский медицинский университет, ул. Хинденбургдамм, д. 30, Берлин, Германия, 12200

Для переписки: Ольга Владимировна Блау, д-р мед. наук, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Charite University School of Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany; e-mail: olga.blau@charite.de.

Для цитирования: Блау О.В. Мутации генов при острых миелоидных лейкозах. Клиническая онкогематология. 2016;9(3):245-56.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-3-245-256

РЕФЕРАТ

Острый миелобластный лейкоз (ОМЛ) — клональное злокачественное заболевание, характеризующееся неэффективным гемопоэзом. Большинство больных ОМЛ имеют различные цитогенетические и молекулярно-генетические повреждения, которые сочетаются с определенными биологическими и клиническими особенностями заболевания. Примерно у 50–60 % больных de novo и у 80–95 % больных вторичными ОМЛ обнаруживаются хромосомные изменения. Следует отметить, что структурные цитогенетические аберрации являются наиболее частыми маркерами и встречаются примерно в 40 % случаев ОМЛ de novo. Достаточно большая группа больных с нормальным кариотипом (НК-ОМЛ), формально относящаяся к категории промежуточного риска, является крайне гетерогенной в отношении прогноза течения заболевания. В действующие прогностические классификации ОМЛ включены сегодня только некоторые мутации, характеризующиеся известным прогностическим значением, в частности NPM1, FLT3 и C/EBPa. Пациенты с NPM1, но без мутаций FLT3-ITD или с мутациями C/EBPa характеризуются благоприятным прогнозом заболевания, а с мутацией FLT3-ITD — неблагоприятным. Недавно выявлен новый класс мутаций, при которых повреждаются гены, ответственные за эпигенетические процессы регуляции генома, в частности метилирование ДНК или модификацию гистонов. Среди них наиболее изученными к настоящему времени являются мутации в генах DNMT3A, IDH1/2, TET2 и некоторых других. В целом ряде исследований показан неблагоприятный прогностический эффект мутации DNMT3A при ОМЛ. Что касается прогностического значения IDH1/2, то данный вопрос еще не до конца ясен. На прогноз заболевания влияет ряд биологических факторов, в т. ч. сочетание с цитогенетическими аберрациями и другими мутациями, особенно FLT3 и NPM1. Число исследований, посвященных генетическим мутациям при ОМЛ, постоянно растет. Накопленные к настоящему времени знания о генетических изменениях при ОМЛ подтверждают их роль в возникновении и развитии заболевания.

Ключевые слова: острый миелобластный лейкоз, ОМЛ, кариотип, цитогенетические аберрации, мутации генов, прогноз.

Получено: 23 января 2016 г.

Принято в печать: 4 апреля 2016 г.

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Стойкое восстановление донорского гемопоэза у больной с посттрансплантационным рецидивом острого миеломонобластного лейкоза с inv(3)(q21q26), –7 и экспрессией онкогена EVI1 после трансфузий донорских лимфоцитов и использования гипометилирующих агентов

ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ КОСТНОГО МОЗГА , , , , , , ,

Н.Н. Мамаев, А.В. Горбунова, Т.Л. Гиндина, О.А. Слесарчук, В.Н. Овечкина, С.Н. Бондаренко, О.В. Голощапов, В.М. Кравцова, Б.В. Афанасьев

Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова, Институт детской онкологии, гематологии и трансфузиологии им. Р.М. Горбачевой, Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация

РЕФЕРАТ

Представлено наблюдение успешного лечения посттрансплантационного рецидива острого миеломонобластного лейкоза (М4-вариант по ФАБ) с прогностически неблагоприятными аномалиями: инверсией inv(3)(q21q26), моносомией 7 и гиперэкспрессией гена EVI1. Достигнуто стойкое восстановление донорского гемопоэза после 1-го курса высокодозной терапии цитарабином, повторных инфузий донорских лимфоцитов и нескольких курсов гипометилирующих препаратов (децитабин, азацитидин). Обсуждаются возможные молекулярные механизмы этой эффективной терапии с целью ее воспроизведения в будущем у пациентов с аналогичными клиническими ситуациями.

Ключевые слова: ОМЛ, inv(3)(q21q26), гиперэкспрессия гена EVI1, аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, рецидивы, лечение, инфузии донорских лимфоцитов, гипометилирующие агенты.

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ЛИТЕРАТУРА

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