anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Overcoming Resistance in Relapsed Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive (Literature Review and Clinical Experience)

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , , ,

YuE Vinogradova1, NG Chernova2

1 IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 bld. 2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991

2 National Medical Hematology Research Center, 4a Novyi Zykovskii pr-d, Moscow, Russian Federation, 125167

For correspondence: Yuliya Eikhenovna Vinogradova, MD, PhD, 8 bld. 2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991; Tel.: +7(495)609-14-00, +7(916)195-68-57; е-mail: jvinogr@gmail.com

For citation: Vinogradova YuE, Chernova NG. Overcoming Resistance in Relapsed Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma, ALK-Positive (Literature Review and Clinical Experience). Clinical oncohematology. 2019;12(2):179–84.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2019-12-2-179-184

ABSTRACT

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are characterized by unfavorable prognosis and poorer survival in comparison with B-cell lymphomas. Probability of remission on first-line PTCL therapy is not higher than 60 % with high relapse rate. Long-term remission in PTCL relapses/progression cases typically fails to be achieved. The present article provides literature review and the authors’ own clinical experience in the management of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, ALK-positive with primary skin and soft tissue lesions in an 65-year old female patient. After NHL-BFM-90 intensive chemotherapy the first 5,5-year complete remission was achieved in this patient. Afterwards a СНОР therapy-resistant relapse was identified. Chemotherapy-resistance of tumor was successfully overcome by adding of epigenetic drugs to cytostatic antitumor therapy. The duration of second complete remission is 3 years. Oncohematological diseases with either initial chemotherapy-resistance or the resistance acquired during antitumor therapy are most efficiently treated by various drug combinations including monoclonal antibodies, epigenetic drugs, and cytostatic therapy.

Keywords: anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, ALK-positive, skin involvements, resistance associated with relapse, epigenetic drugs.

Received: July 26, 2018

Accepted: January 15, 2019

Read in PDF 

REFERENCES

  1. Vose J, Armitage J, Weisenburger D. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4124–30. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.16.4558.

  2. Conlan MG, Bast M, Armitage JO, Weisenburger DD. Bone marrow involvement by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the clinical significance of morphologic discordance between the lymph node and bone marrow. Nebraska Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8(7):1163–72. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1990.8.7.1163.

  3. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, et al. ALK-anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. 2008;111(12):5496–504. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134270.

  4. Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Pileri SA, Savage KJ. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2012;83(2):293–302. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.02.005.

  5. Mak V, Hamm J, Chhanabhai M, et al. Survival of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma after first relapse or progression: spectrum of disease and rare long-term survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(16):1970–6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.7524.

  6. Виноградова Ю.Е., Луценко И.Н., Капланская И.Б. и др. Эффективность терапии различных вариантов анаплазированных Т-крупноклеточных лимфом. Терапевтический архив. 2008;80(7):33–7.

    [Vinogradova YuE, Lutsenko IN, Kaplanskaya IB, et al. Efficacy of therapy of different variants of anaplastic large T-cell lymphomas. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2008;80(7):33–7. (In Russ)]

  7. Hutchins LF, Moon J, Clark JI, et al. Evaluation of interferon alpha-2B and thalidomide in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma, phase 2, SWOG 0026. Cancer. 2007;110(10):2269–75. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23035.

  8. Rangwala S, Zhang C, Duvic M. HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Fut Med. Chem. 2012;4(4):471–86. doi: 10.4155/fmc.12.6.

  9. Witzig TE, Reeder C, Han JJ, et al. The mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus has antitumor activity in vitro and produces tumor responses in patients with relapsed T-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2015;126(3):328–35. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629543.

  10. Vose JM, Link BK, Grossbard ML, et al. Long-term update of a phase II study of rituximab in combination with CHOP chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46(11):1569–73. doi: 10.1080/10428190500217312.

  11. Vaishampayan UN, Heilbrun LK, Marsack C, et al. Phase II trial of pegylated interferon and thalidomide in malignant metastatic melanoma. Anticancer Drugs. 2007;18(10):1221–6. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e3282eea391.

  12. Younes A, Bartlett N, Leonard JP, et al. Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) for relapsed CD30-positive lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(19):1812–21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002965.

  13. Pro B, Advani R, Brice P, et al. Five-year results of brentuximab vedotin in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 2017;130(25):2709–17. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-780049.

  14. Bartlett NL, Chen R, Fanale MA, et al. Retreatment with brentuximab vedotin in patients with CD30-positive hematologic malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2014;7(1):24. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-24.

  15. Lamarque M, Bossard C, Contejean A, et al. Brentuximab vedotin in refractory or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphomas: the French named patient program experience in 56 patients. Haematologica. 2016;101(3):e103–6. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2015.135400.

  16. Fanale MA, Horwitz SM, Forero-Torres A, et al.. Brentuximab vedotin in the front-line treatment of patients with CD30+ peripheral T-cell lymphomas: results of a phase I study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(28):3137–43. doi: 0.1200/JCO.2013.54.2456.

  17. Morel A, Briere J, Lamant L, et al. Long-term outcomes of adults with first-relapsed/refractory systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in the pre-brentuximab vedotin era: A LYSA/SFGM-TC study. Eur J Cancer. 2017;83:146–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.026.

  18. Виноградова Ю.Е., Потекаев Н.С., Виноградов Д.Л. Лимфомы кожи. Диагностика и лечение. М.: Практическая медицина, 175 c.

    [Vinogradova YuE, Potekaev NS, Vinogradov DL. Limfomy kozhi. Diagnostika i lechenie. (Skin lymphomas: diagnosis and treatment.) Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina Publ.; 2014. 175 p. (In Russ)]

  19. Hoelzer D, Gokbuget N, Digel W, et al. Outcome of adult patients with T-lymphoblastic lymphoma treated according to protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2002;99(12):4379–85. doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0110.

  20. Паровичникова Е.Н., Клясова Г.А., Исаев В.Г. и др. Первые итоги терапии Ph-негативных острых лимфобластных лейкозов взрослых по протоколу научно-исследовательской группы гематологических центров России ОЛЛ-2009. Терапевтический архив. 2011;83(7):11–

    [Parovichnikova EN, Klyasova GA, Isaev VG, et al. Pilot results of therapy of adult Ph-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to the protocol of Research Group of Russian Hematological Centers ALL-2009. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2011;83(7):11–7. (In Russ)]

  21. Виноградова Ю.Е., Чернова Н.Г., Капланская И.Б. и др. Отдаленные результаты лечения Т-клеточных лимфобластных лимфом. Терапевтический архив. 2012;84(8):57–60.

    [Vinogradova YuE, Chernova NG, Kaplanskaya IB, et al. Long-term results of treatment for T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2012;84(8):57–60. (In Russ)]

  22. Чернова Н.Г., Виноградова Ю.Е., Сидорова Ю.В. и др. Длительные режимы цитостатической терапии ангиоиммунобластной Т-клеточной лимфомы. Клиническая онкогематология. 2014;7(1):57–62.

    [Chernova NG, Vinogradova YuE, Sidorova YV, et al. Prolonged chemotherapy for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya. 2014;7(1):57–62. (In Russ)]

  23. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Tiemann M, et al. Successful treatment strategy for Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of childhood: a prospective analysis of 62 patients enrolled in three consecutive Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group studies. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(5):899–908. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.5.899.

  24. Виноградова Ю.Е., Зингерман Б.В. Нозологические формы и выживаемость пациентов с Т- и NK-клеточными лимфатическими опухолями, наблюдавшихся в ГНЦ в течение 10 лет. Клиническая онкогематология. 2011;4(3):201–12.

    [Vinogradova YuE, Zingerman BV. Nosological forms and survival of patients with T- and NK-cell lymphatic tumors, followed-up at HRC for 10 years. Klinicheskaya onkogematologiya. 2011;4(3):201–12. (In Russ)]

  25. Aviles A, Neri N, Nambo MJ, et al. Novel therapy in multiple myeloma. Invest New Drugs. 2005;23(5):411–5. doi: 10.1007/s10637-005-2900-6.

  26. Горенкова Л.Г., Виноградова Ю.Е., Кравченко С.К. и др. Анаплазированная Т-крупноклеточная АЛК-положительная лимфосаркома с изолированным поражением кожи и мягких тканей у пожилой больной. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2011;56(1):31–3.

    [Gorenkova LG, Vinogradova YuE, Kravchenko SK, et al. Anaplastic T-cell ALK-positive lymphoma with isolated involvement of the skin and soft tissues in an elderly female patient. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2011;56(1):31–3. (In Russ)]

  27. Geller S, Canavan TN, Pulitzer M, et al. ALK-positive primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(5):515–20. doi: 10.1111/ijd.13804.

  28. Oschlies I, Lisfeld J, Lamant L, et al. ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma limited to the skin: clinical, histopathological and molecular analysis of 6 pediatric cases. A report from the ALCL99 study. Haematologica. 2013;98(1):50–6. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2012.065664.

  29. Сидорова Ю.В., Чернова Н.Г., Рыжикова Н.В. и др. Клональные реаранжировки и опухолевые клоны при периферической Т-клеточной лимфоме. Acta Naturae. 2015;7(3):130–40.

    [Sidorova YuV, Chernova NG, Ryzhikova NV, et al. Clonal rearrangements and malignant clones in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Acta Naturae. 2015;7(3):130–40. (In Russ)]

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas in Children: 25-Year Clinical Experience

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , , , , ,

TT Valiev, AV Popa, AS Levashov, ES Belyaeva, NS Kulichkina, BV Kurdyukov, RS Ravshanova, GL Mentkevich

Scientific Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478

For correspondence: Timur Teimurazovich Valiev, DSci, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478; Tel: +7(499)324-98-69; e-mail: timurvaliev@mail.ru

For citation: Valiev TT, Popa AV, Levashov AS, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas in Children: 25-Year Clinical Experience. Clinical oncohematology. 2016;9(4):420–37 (In Russ).

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-4-420-437

ABSTRACT

Background & Aims. Current polychemotherapeutic protocols based on differentiated and risk-adopted approaches permitted to consider non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) potentially curable diseases although they had been considered fatal previously. The aim of this study is to summarize and analyze outcomes of NHL therapy over a 25-year period.

Methods. 246 patients were enrolled in the study. They were treated in the department of chemotherapy of hemoblastoses in the Scientific Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology under the NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center over the period of 25 years: from April 1, 1991, till June 1, 2016. B-NHL-BFM 90/95 protocols and a modified B-NHL-BFM 95 protocol (with rituximab) were used for B-cell NHLs (n = 130). Patients with lymphocytic leukemia (n = 75) were treated using ALL-mBFM 90/95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocols. 21 patients with anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) received treatment according to the B-NHL-BFM 90/95 protocol, and 20 patients received the НИИ ДОГ-АККЛ-2007 protocol.

Results. Taking into account clinical and immunological characteristics of ALCL, the authors invented an original НИИ ДОГ-АККЛ-2007 protocol. Special attention was paid to potential modification of standard treatment regimens for B-cell NHL by adding rituximab. The article demonstrates the evolution in prescription of rituximab for B-cell NHL and possibilities for reduction of the total number of polychemotherapy cycles for late-stage tumors without deterioration of treatment outcomes.

Conclusion. The obtained results permit to conclude that introduction of achievements of oncoimmunology, molecular biology, and cytogenetics will become the basis for further modification of existing treatment options for NHL.

Keywords: Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, T- and B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas, treatment, children.

Received: June 12, 2016

Accepted: June 17, 2016

Read in PDF (RUS)pdficon

REFERENCES

  1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th edition. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008. pp. 439.
  2. Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, Oschlies I, et al. The impact of age and gender on biology, clinical features and treatment outcome of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood and adolescence. Br J Haematol. 2005;131(1):39–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2005.05735.x.
  3. Hochberg J, Waxman IM, Kelly KM, et al. Adolescent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma: state of the science. Br J Haematol. 2009;144(1):24–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07393.x.
  4. Baccarani M, Corbelli G, Amadori S, et al. Adolescent and adult lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic features outcome of therapy. А study of 293 patients. Blood. 1982;60(3):677–84.
  5. Gill PS, Meyer PR, Pavlova Z, et al. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical, morphologic and immunologic findings. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(5):737–43.
  6. Bernstein JI, Coleman CN, Strickler JG, et al. Combined modality therapy for adult with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt and Burkitt-like type). J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(6):847–58.
  7. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Tiemann M, et al. Improved treatment results in childhood B-cell neoplasms with tailored intensification of therapy: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM-90. Blood. 1999;94(10):3294–306.
  8. Patte C, J. Michon, Frappaz D, et al. Therapy of Burkitt and other B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma: experience with the LMB protocols of the SFOP (French Paediatric Oncology Society) in children and adults. Bail Clin Haematol. 1994;7(2):339–48. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80206-
  9. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of 216 children. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(1):123–32.
  10. Sun XF, Su YS, Liu DG, et al. Comparing CHOP, CHOP+HD-MTX, and BFM-90 regimens in the survival rate of children and adolescents with B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ai Zheng. 2004;23(8):933–8.
  11. Muller J, Csoka M, Jakab Z, et al. Hungarian experience with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood. Magy Onkol. 2006;50(3):253–9.
  12. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Gerrard M, et al. Advanced stage, increased lactate dehydrogenase, and primary site, but not adolescent age (³ 15 years), are associated with an increased risk of treatment failure in children and adolescents with mature B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of the FAB LMB 96 study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(4):387–93. doi: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.3369.
  13. Schwenn M, Blattner S, Lynch E, et al. HiC-COM: a 2-month intensive chemotherapy regimen for children with stage III and IV Burkitt’s lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(1):133–8.
  14. Bowman WP, Shuster JJ, Cook B, et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: a pediatric oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(4):1252–61.
  15. Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, et al. Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):925–34.
  16. Atra A, Gerrard M, Hobson R, et al. Improved cure rate in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and IV stage B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma – results of the UKCCSG 9003 protocol. Br J Cancer. 1998;77(12):2281–5. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1998.379.
  17. Burkhardt B, Oschlies I, Klapper W, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in adolescents: experiences in 378 adolescent NHL patients treated according to pediatric NHL-BFM protocols. Leukemia. 2011;25(1):153–60. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.245.
  18. Patte C, Auperin A, Michon J, et al. The Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique LMB89 protocol: highly effective multiagent chemotherapy tailored to the tumor burden and initial response in 561 unselected children with B-cell lymphomas and L3 leukemia. Blood. 2001;97(11):3370–9. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.11.3370.
  19. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients. Blood. 2007;109(7):2773–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-
  20. Laver JH, Kraveka JM, Hutchison RE, et al. Advanced-stage large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: results of a randomized trial incorporating intermediate-dose methotrexate and high-dose cytarabine in the maintenance phase of the APO regimen: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):541–7. doi: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.075.
  21. Woessmann W, Seidemann K, Mann G.et al. The impact of the methotrexate administration schedule and dose in the treatment of children and adolescents with B-cell neoplasms: a report of the BFM Group Study NHL-BFM95. Blood. 2005;105(3):948–58. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-
  22. Gerrard M, Cairo MS, Weston C, et al. Excellent survival following two courses of COPAD chemotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(6):840–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07144.x.
  23. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Lauterbach I, et al. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma with sclerosis in pediatric and adolescent patients: treatment and results from three therapeutic studies of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(9):1782–19. doi: 10.1200/jco.2003.08.151.
  24. Akbayram S, Dogan M, Akgun C, et al. Use of rituximab in three children with relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma. Target Oncol. 2010;5(4):291–4. doi: 10.1007/s11523-010-0161-
  25. Okur VF, Oguz A, Karadeniz C, et al. Refractoriness to rituximab monotherapy in a child with relapsed/refractory Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;23(1):25–31. doi: 10.1080/08880010500313298.
  26. Holmberg LA, Maloney D, Bensinger W. Immunotherapy with rituximab/interleukin-2 after autologous stem cell transplantation as treatment for CD20+ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Lymph Myel. 2006;7(2):135–9. doi: 10.3816/clm.2006.n.051.
  27. Cooney-Qualter E, Krailo M, Angiolillo A.et al. A Phase I Study of 90Yttrium-Ibritumomab-Tiuxetan in Children and Adolescents with Relapsed/Refractory CD20-Positive Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Children’s Oncology Group study. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(Suppl 18):5652–60. doi: 10.1158/1078-ccr-07-1060.
  28. Richard H, Termuhlen A, Smith L, et al. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with refractory or relapsed lymphoma: results of Children’s Oncology Group Study A5962. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(2):249–58. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.07.002.
  29. Pinkel D, Johnson W, Aur RJ. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children. Br J Cancer. 1975;2:298–23.
  30. Wollner N, Exelby PR, Lieberman PH. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children: a progress report on the original patients treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol. Cancer. 1979;44(6):1990–9. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197912)44:6<1990::aid-cncr2820440605>3.0.co;2-
  31. Asselin BL, Devidas M, Wang C, et al. Effectiveness of high-dose methotrexate in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced-stage lymphoblastic lymphoma: a randomized study by the Children’s Oncology Group (POG 9404). Blood. 2011;118(4):874–83. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-
  32. Wiernik P, Goldman J, Dutcher J. Neoplastic disease of the blood. Cambridge; 1216 p.
  33. Tubergen D, Krailo M, Meadows A, et al. Comparison of treatment regimens for pediatric lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a Children’s Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol Leuk. 1999;13(3):335–42.
  34. Amylon MD, Shuster J, Pullen J, et al. Intensive high-dose asparaginase consolidation improves survival for pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced stage lymphoblastic lymphoma; Pediatr Oncol Group study. Leukemia. 1999;13(3):335–42. doi: 1038/sj.leu.2401310.
  35. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. Improved survival rate in children with stage III-IV B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia using multiagent chemotherapy: results of a study of 114 children from the French Pediatric Oncology Society. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(8):1219–26.
  36. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, et al. Favorable outcome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: a report of three consecutive studies of the BFM group. Blood. 1992;80(10):2471–8.
  37. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Parwaresch R, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of childhood and adolescence: results of a treatment stratified for biologic subtypes and stage – a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(2):359–72.
  38. Nachman J, Sather HN, Cherlow JM, et al. Response of children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with and without cranial irradiation: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(3):920–30.
  39. Tang JY, Xue HL, Chen J, et al. Multi-center trial based on SCMC-ALL-2005 for children’s acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013;51(7):495–501.
  40. Tallen G, Ratei R, Mann G, et al. Long-term outcome in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia after time-point and site-of-relapse stratification and intensified short-course multidrug chemotherapy: results of trial ALL-REZ BFM 90. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(14):2339–47. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.1983.
  41. Dunsmore KP, Devidas M, Linda SB, et al. Pilot study of nelarabine in combination with intensive chemotherapy in high-risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(22):2753–9. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.40.8724.
  42. Lambe CU, Averett DR, Paff MT, et al. 2-Amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside: an agent for T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res. 1995;55(15):3352–6.
  43. Cooper TM, Razzouk BI, Gerbing R, et al. Phase I/II trial of clofarabine and cytarabine in children with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (AAML0523): a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(7):1141–7. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24398.
  44. Schroeder H, Garwicz S, Kristinsson J, et al. Outcome after first relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based study of 315 patients from the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;25(5):372–8. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950250503.
  45. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Leroy K, et al. Molecular diagnosis of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma identifies a clinically favourable subgroup of diffuse large B cell lymphoma related to Hodgkin lymphoma. J Exp Med. 2003;198(6):851–62. doi: 10.1084/jem.20031074.
  46. Borgmann A, von Stackelberg A, Hartmann R, et al. Unrelated donor stem cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remission: a matched-pair analysis. 2003;101(10):3835–9. doi: 10.1182/blood.v101.10.3835.
  47. Wheeler K, Richards S, Bailey C, et al. Comparison of bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the MRC UKALL X experience. Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1998;101(1):94–103. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00676.x.
  48. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, et al. The expression of Hodgkin’s disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplasic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from avtivated lymphoid cells. Blood. 1985;66(4):848–58.
  49. Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Pileri SA, Savage KJ. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;85(2):206–15. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.004.
  50. Sibon D, Fournier M, Briere J, et al. Prognostic Factors and Long Term Outcome of 138 Adults with Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: a Retrospective Study by the Groupe d’Etude Des Lymphomes De l’Adulte (GELA). Blood. 2010;116: Abstract 322.
  51. Park SJ, Kim S, Lee DH, et al. Primary Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Korean Adults: 11 Years’ Experience at Asan Medical Center. Yonsei Med J. 2008;49(4):601–9. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.4.601.
  52. Wang YF, Yang YL, Gao ZF, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Chinese patients. J Hematol Oncol. 2012;5(1):38. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-38.
  53. Amin HM, Lai R. Pathobiology of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007;110(7):2259–67. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-060715.
  54. Moreno L, Garzon L, Bautista FJ, et al. Diagnosis of paediatric anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a historical perspective from a single institution. Clin Transl Oncol. 2009;11(5):318–21. doi: 10.1007/s12094-009-0360-
  55. Le Deley MC, Reiter A, Williams D, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of a large European intergroup study. Blood. 2008;111(3):1560–6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-
  56. Pillon M, Gregucci F, Lombardi A, et al. Results of AIEOP LNH-97 protocol for the treatment of anaplastic large cell lymphoma of childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(5):828–33. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24125.
  57. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 1999;93(11):3913–21.
  58. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, et al. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral Tcell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111(12):5496–504. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-
  59. Abramov D, Oschlies I, Zimmermann M, et al. Expression of CD8 is associated with non-common type morphology and outcome in pediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2013;98(10):1547–53. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2013.085837.
  60. Damm-Welk C, Mussolin L, Zimmermann M, et al. Early assessment of minimal residual disease identifies patients at very high relapse risk in NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123(3):334–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-
  61. Bonvini P, Gastaldi T, Falini B, et al. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), a novel Hsp90-client tyrosine kinase: down-regulation of NPM-ALK expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in ALK+ CD30+ lymphoma cells by Hsp90 antagonist 17-allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin. Cancer Res. 2002;62(5):1559–66.
  62. Ergin M, Denning MF, Izban KF, et al. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with NPM-ALK (p80) fusion protein. Exp Hematol. 2001;29(9):1082–90. doi: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00688-
  63. Han Y, Amin HM, Franko B, et al. Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteasome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2006;108(8):2796–803. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-
  64. Ogura M, Tobinai K, Hatake K, et al. Phase I/II study of brentuximab vedotin in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory CD30-positive Hodgkin’s lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2014;105(7):840–6. doi: 10.1111/cas.12435.
  65. Mosse YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al. Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children’s Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(6):472–80. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70095-
  66. Brugieres L, Le Deley MC, Rosolen A, et al. Impact of the methotrexate administration dose on the need for intrathecal treatment in children and adolescents with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a results of a randomized trial of the EICNHL Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):897–903. doi: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.1487.
  67. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Schrappe M, et al. Short-pulse B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma-type chemotherapy is efficacious treatment for pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM 90. Blood. 2001;97(12):3699–706. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3699.
  68. Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Lenhard M, et al. Relapsed or refractory anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents after Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM)-type first-line therapy: a BFM-group study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):3065–71. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.8417.
  69. Goldberg JD, Casulo C, Horwitz The role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. In: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Springer; 2013. pp. 279–93. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5851-7_16.
  70. Giulino-Roth L, Ricafort R, Kernan NA, et al. Ten-year follow-up of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(12):2018–24. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24722.
  71. Woessmann W, Peters C, Lenhard M. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma of children and adolescents – a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group report. Br J Haematol. 2006;133(2):176–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06004.x.
  72. Mori T, Takimoto T, Katano N, et al. Recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of registered cases in Japan. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(5):594–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2005.05910.x.
  73. Луговская С.А., Почтарь М.Е., Тупицын Н.Н. Иммунофенотипирование в диагностике гемобластозов. М.: Триада, 2005. 165 с.
    [Lugovskaya SA, Pochtar’ ME, Tupitsyn NN. Immunofenotipirovanie v diagnostike gemoblastozov. (Immunophenotyping in diagnosis of hemoblastoses.) Moscow: Triada Publ.; 2005. 165 p. (In Russ)]
  74. Курильников А.Я. Мабтера — первые моноклональные антитела в терапии неходжкинских лимфом. Современная онкология. 2002;4(1):25–8.
    [Kuril’nikov AYa. Mabtera: first monoclonal antibodies in therapy of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Sovremennaya onkologiya. 2002;4(1):25–8. (In Russ)]
  75. Reff M, Carner C, Chambers K, et al. Depletion of B-cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83(2):435–45.
  76. Okur FV, Oguz A, Karadeniz C, et al. Refractoriness to rituximab monotherapy in a child with relapsed/refractory Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;23(1):25–31. doi: 10.1080/08880010500313298.
  77. Marcus R, Hagenbeek A. The therapeutic use of rituximab in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2007;78(s67):5–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00789.x.
  78. Plosker GL, Figgitt DP. Rituximab. Drugs. 2003;63(8):803–43. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363080-
  79. Михайлова Н.Б. Роль ритуксимаба в лечении неходжкинских лимфом (реферативный обзор рандомизированных клинических исследований). Современная онкология. 2009;11(3):28–31.
    [Mikhailova NB. Role of rituximab in treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (abstract review of randomized clinical trials). Sovremennaya onkologiya. 2009;11(3):28–31. (In Russ)]
  80. Li X, Liu Z, Cao J, et al. Rituximab in combination with CHOP chemotherapy for the treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma in China: a 10-year retrospective follow-up analysis of 437 cases from Shanghai Lymphoma Research Group. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(6):837–45. doi: 10.1007/s00277-011-1375-
  81. Thomas DA, Faderl S, O’Brien S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 2006;106(7):1569–80. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21776.
  82. Fayad L, Thomas D, Romaguera J. Update of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin Lymph Myel. 2007;8(2):57–62. doi: 10.3816/clm.2007.s.034.
  83. Meinhardt A, Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, et al. Phase II Window Study on Rituximab in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Burkitt Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(19):3115–21. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.6791.
  84. Bilic E, Femenic R, Conja J, et al. CD20-positive childhood B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma: morphology, immunophenotype and a novel treatment approach: a single center experience. Coll Antropol. 2010;34(1):171–5.
  85. Смирнова Н.В., Мякова Н.В., Белогурова М.Б. и др. Лечение зрелоклеточных В-клеточных неходжкинских лимфом с использованием комбинированной иммунохимиотерапии: возможности оптимизации терапевтической стратегии. Онкогематология. 2015;10(4):15–24. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2015-10-4-15-24.
    [Smirnova NV, Myakova NV, Belogurova MB, et al. Treatment of B-cells non-Hodgkin lymphomas with combined immunochemotherapy: ability to treatment optimization. Oncohematology. 2015;10(4):15–24. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2015-10-4-15-24. (In Russ)]
  86. Miyamoto KI, Kobayashi Y, Maeshima AM, et al. Clinicopathological prognostic factors of 24 patients with B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2016;103(6):693–702. doi: 1007/s12185-016-1989-z.
  87. Gerrard M, Cairo MS, Weston C, et al. Excellent survival following two courses of COPAD chemotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(6):840–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07144.x.
  88. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients. Blood. 2007;109(7):2773–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-
  89. Stary J, Zimmermann M, Campbell M, et al. Intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the randomized intercontinental trial ALL IC-BFM 2002. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(3):174–84. doi: 10.1200/jco.2013.48.6522.

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas in Children: 25-Year Clinical Experience

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , , , , ,

TT Valiev, AV Popa, AS Levashov, ES Belyaeva, NS Kulichkina, BV Kurdyukov, RS Ravshanova, GL Mentkevich

Scientific Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478

For correspondence: Timur Teimurazovich Valiev, DSci, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478; Tel: +7(499)324-98-69; e-mail: timurvaliev@mail.ru

For citation: Valiev TT, Popa AV, Levashov AS, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas in Children: 25-Year Clinical Experience. Clinical oncohematology. 2016;9(4):420–37 (In Russ).

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-4-420-437

ABSTRACT

Background & Aims. Current polychemotherapeutic protocols based on differentiated and risk-adopted approaches permitted to consider non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) potentially curable diseases although they had been considered fatal previously. The aim of this study is to summarize and analyze outcomes of NHL therapy over a 25-year period.

Methods. 246 patients were enrolled in the study. They were treated in the department of chemotherapy of hemoblastoses in the Scientific Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology under the NN Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center over the period of 25 years: from April 1, 1991, till June 1, 2016. B-NHL-BFM 90/95 protocols and a modified B-NHL-BFM 95 protocol (with rituximab) were used for B-cell NHLs (n = 130). Patients with lymphocytic leukemia (n = 75) were treated using ALL-mBFM 90/95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002 protocols. 21 patients with anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) received treatment according to the B-NHL-BFM 90/95 protocol, and 20 patients received the НИИ ДОГ-АККЛ-2007 protocol.

Results. Taking into account clinical and immunological characteristics of ALCL, the authors invented an original НИИ ДОГ-АККЛ-2007 protocol. Special attention was paid to potential modification of standard treatment regimens for B-cell NHL by adding rituximab. The article demonstrates the evolution in prescription of rituximab for B-cell NHL and possibilities for reduction of the total number of polychemotherapy cycles for late-stage tumors without deterioration of treatment outcomes.

Conclusion. The obtained results permit to conclude that introduction of achievements of oncoimmunology, molecular biology, and cytogenetics will become the basis for further modification of existing treatment options for NHL.

Keywords: Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma, T- and B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas, treatment, children.

Received: June 12, 2016

Accepted: June 17, 2016

Read in PDF (RUS)pdficon

REFERENCES

  1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th edition. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008. pp. 439.
  2. Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, Oschlies I, et al. The impact of age and gender on biology, clinical features and treatment outcome of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in childhood and adolescence. Br J Haematol. 2005;131(1):39–49. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2005.05735.x.
  3. Hochberg J, Waxman IM, Kelly KM, et al. Adolescent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma: state of the science. Br J Haematol. 2009;144(1):24–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07393.x.
  4. Baccarani M, Corbelli G, Amadori S, et al. Adolescent and adult lymphoblastic leukemia: prognostic features outcome of therapy. А study of 293 patients. Blood. 1982;60(3):677–84.
  5. Gill PS, Meyer PR, Pavlova Z, et al. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical, morphologic and immunologic findings. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(5):737–43.
  6. Bernstein JI, Coleman CN, Strickler JG, et al. Combined modality therapy for adult with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt and Burkitt-like type). J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(6):847–58.
  7. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Tiemann M, et al. Improved treatment results in childhood B-cell neoplasms with tailored intensification of therapy: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM-90. Blood. 1999;94(10):3294–306.
  8. Patte C, J. Michon, Frappaz D, et al. Therapy of Burkitt and other B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphoma: experience with the LMB protocols of the SFOP (French Paediatric Oncology Society) in children and adults. Bail Clin Haematol. 1994;7(2):339–48. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3536(05)80206-
  9. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias without CNS involvement with a short intensive polychemotherapy: results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of 216 children. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(1):123–32.
  10. Sun XF, Su YS, Liu DG, et al. Comparing CHOP, CHOP+HD-MTX, and BFM-90 regimens in the survival rate of children and adolescents with B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Ai Zheng. 2004;23(8):933–8.
  11. Muller J, Csoka M, Jakab Z, et al. Hungarian experience with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in childhood. Magy Onkol. 2006;50(3):253–9.
  12. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Gerrard M, et al. Advanced stage, increased lactate dehydrogenase, and primary site, but not adolescent age (³ 15 years), are associated with an increased risk of treatment failure in children and adolescents with mature B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of the FAB LMB 96 study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(4):387–93. doi: 10.1200/jco.2010.33.3369.
  13. Schwenn M, Blattner S, Lynch E, et al. HiC-COM: a 2-month intensive chemotherapy regimen for children with stage III and IV Burkitt’s lymphoma and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9(1):133–8.
  14. Bowman WP, Shuster JJ, Cook B, et al. Improved survival for children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and stage IV small noncleaved-cell lymphoma: a pediatric oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(4):1252–61.
  15. Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, et al. Adults and children with small non-cleaved-cell lymphoma have similar excellent outcome when treated with the same chemotherapy regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):925–34.
  16. Atra A, Gerrard M, Hobson R, et al. Improved cure rate in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and IV stage B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma – results of the UKCCSG 9003 protocol. Br J Cancer. 1998;77(12):2281–5. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1998.379.
  17. Burkhardt B, Oschlies I, Klapper W, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in adolescents: experiences in 378 adolescent NHL patients treated according to pediatric NHL-BFM protocols. Leukemia. 2011;25(1):153–60. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.245.
  18. Patte C, Auperin A, Michon J, et al. The Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique LMB89 protocol: highly effective multiagent chemotherapy tailored to the tumor burden and initial response in 561 unselected children with B-cell lymphomas and L3 leukemia. Blood. 2001;97(11):3370–9. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.11.3370.
  19. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients. Blood. 2007;109(7):2773–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-
  20. Laver JH, Kraveka JM, Hutchison RE, et al. Advanced-stage large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: results of a randomized trial incorporating intermediate-dose methotrexate and high-dose cytarabine in the maintenance phase of the APO regimen: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):541–7. doi: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.075.
  21. Woessmann W, Seidemann K, Mann G.et al. The impact of the methotrexate administration schedule and dose in the treatment of children and adolescents with B-cell neoplasms: a report of the BFM Group Study NHL-BFM95. Blood. 2005;105(3):948–58. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-
  22. Gerrard M, Cairo MS, Weston C, et al. Excellent survival following two courses of COPAD chemotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(6):840–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07144.x.
  23. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Lauterbach I, et al. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma with sclerosis in pediatric and adolescent patients: treatment and results from three therapeutic studies of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(9):1782–19. doi: 10.1200/jco.2003.08.151.
  24. Akbayram S, Dogan M, Akgun C, et al. Use of rituximab in three children with relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma. Target Oncol. 2010;5(4):291–4. doi: 10.1007/s11523-010-0161-
  25. Okur VF, Oguz A, Karadeniz C, et al. Refractoriness to rituximab monotherapy in a child with relapsed/refractory Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;23(1):25–31. doi: 10.1080/08880010500313298.
  26. Holmberg LA, Maloney D, Bensinger W. Immunotherapy with rituximab/interleukin-2 after autologous stem cell transplantation as treatment for CD20+ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Lymph Myel. 2006;7(2):135–9. doi: 10.3816/clm.2006.n.051.
  27. Cooney-Qualter E, Krailo M, Angiolillo A.et al. A Phase I Study of 90Yttrium-Ibritumomab-Tiuxetan in Children and Adolescents with Relapsed/Refractory CD20-Positive Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: A Children’s Oncology Group study. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(Suppl 18):5652–60. doi: 10.1158/1078-ccr-07-1060.
  28. Richard H, Termuhlen A, Smith L, et al. Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in children with refractory or relapsed lymphoma: results of Children’s Oncology Group Study A5962. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(2):249–58. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.07.002.
  29. Pinkel D, Johnson W, Aur RJ. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children. Br J Cancer. 1975;2:298–23.
  30. Wollner N, Exelby PR, Lieberman PH. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in children: a progress report on the original patients treated with the LSA2-L2 protocol. Cancer. 1979;44(6):1990–9. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197912)44:6<1990::aid-cncr2820440605>3.0.co;2-
  31. Asselin BL, Devidas M, Wang C, et al. Effectiveness of high-dose methotrexate in T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced-stage lymphoblastic lymphoma: a randomized study by the Children’s Oncology Group (POG 9404). Blood. 2011;118(4):874–83. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-06-
  32. Wiernik P, Goldman J, Dutcher J. Neoplastic disease of the blood. Cambridge; 1216 p.
  33. Tubergen D, Krailo M, Meadows A, et al. Comparison of treatment regimens for pediatric lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a Children’s Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol Leuk. 1999;13(3):335–42.
  34. Amylon MD, Shuster J, Pullen J, et al. Intensive high-dose asparaginase consolidation improves survival for pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced stage lymphoblastic lymphoma; Pediatr Oncol Group study. Leukemia. 1999;13(3):335–42. doi: 1038/sj.leu.2401310.
  35. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, et al. Improved survival rate in children with stage III-IV B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia using multiagent chemotherapy: results of a study of 114 children from the French Pediatric Oncology Society. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(8):1219–26.
  36. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, et al. Favorable outcome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood: a report of three consecutive studies of the BFM group. Blood. 1992;80(10):2471–8.
  37. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Parwaresch R, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of childhood and adolescence: results of a treatment stratified for biologic subtypes and stage – a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(2):359–72.
  38. Nachman J, Sather HN, Cherlow JM, et al. Response of children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with and without cranial irradiation: a report from the Children’s Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(3):920–30.
  39. Tang JY, Xue HL, Chen J, et al. Multi-center trial based on SCMC-ALL-2005 for children’s acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013;51(7):495–501.
  40. Tallen G, Ratei R, Mann G, et al. Long-term outcome in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia after time-point and site-of-relapse stratification and intensified short-course multidrug chemotherapy: results of trial ALL-REZ BFM 90. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(14):2339–47. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.1983.
  41. Dunsmore KP, Devidas M, Linda SB, et al. Pilot study of nelarabine in combination with intensive chemotherapy in high-risk T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(22):2753–9. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.40.8724.
  42. Lambe CU, Averett DR, Paff MT, et al. 2-Amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside: an agent for T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res. 1995;55(15):3352–6.
  43. Cooper TM, Razzouk BI, Gerbing R, et al. Phase I/II trial of clofarabine and cytarabine in children with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (AAML0523): a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(7):1141–7. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24398.
  44. Schroeder H, Garwicz S, Kristinsson J, et al. Outcome after first relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based study of 315 patients from the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1995;25(5):372–8. doi: 10.1002/mpo.2950250503.
  45. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Leroy K, et al. Molecular diagnosis of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma identifies a clinically favourable subgroup of diffuse large B cell lymphoma related to Hodgkin lymphoma. J Exp Med. 2003;198(6):851–62. doi: 10.1084/jem.20031074.
  46. Borgmann A, von Stackelberg A, Hartmann R, et al. Unrelated donor stem cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remission: a matched-pair analysis. 2003;101(10):3835–9. doi: 10.1182/blood.v101.10.3835.
  47. Wheeler K, Richards S, Bailey C, et al. Comparison of bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the MRC UKALL X experience. Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1998;101(1):94–103. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00676.x.
  48. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, et al. The expression of Hodgkin’s disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplasic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from avtivated lymphoid cells. Blood. 1985;66(4):848–58.
  49. Ferreri AJ, Govi S, Pileri SA, Savage KJ. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;85(2):206–15. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.06.004.
  50. Sibon D, Fournier M, Briere J, et al. Prognostic Factors and Long Term Outcome of 138 Adults with Systemic Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: a Retrospective Study by the Groupe d’Etude Des Lymphomes De l’Adulte (GELA). Blood. 2010;116: Abstract 322.
  51. Park SJ, Kim S, Lee DH, et al. Primary Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Korean Adults: 11 Years’ Experience at Asan Medical Center. Yonsei Med J. 2008;49(4):601–9. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.4.601.
  52. Wang YF, Yang YL, Gao ZF, et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma in Chinese patients. J Hematol Oncol. 2012;5(1):38. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-38.
  53. Amin HM, Lai R. Pathobiology of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2007;110(7):2259–67. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-060715.
  54. Moreno L, Garzon L, Bautista FJ, et al. Diagnosis of paediatric anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a historical perspective from a single institution. Clin Transl Oncol. 2009;11(5):318–21. doi: 10.1007/s12094-009-0360-
  55. Le Deley MC, Reiter A, Williams D, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of a large European intergroup study. Blood. 2008;111(3):1560–6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-
  56. Pillon M, Gregucci F, Lombardi A, et al. Results of AIEOP LNH-97 protocol for the treatment of anaplastic large cell lymphoma of childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(5):828–33. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24125.
  57. Gascoyne RD, Aoun P, Wu D, et al. Prognostic significance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein expression in adults with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 1999;93(11):3913–21.
  58. Savage KJ, Harris NL, Vose JM, et al. ALK- anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is clinically and immunophenotypically different from both ALK+ALCL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: report from the International Peripheral Tcell Lymphoma Project. Blood. 2008;111(12):5496–504. doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-
  59. Abramov D, Oschlies I, Zimmermann M, et al. Expression of CD8 is associated with non-common type morphology and outcome in pediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2013;98(10):1547–53. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2013.085837.
  60. Damm-Welk C, Mussolin L, Zimmermann M, et al. Early assessment of minimal residual disease identifies patients at very high relapse risk in NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123(3):334–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-
  61. Bonvini P, Gastaldi T, Falini B, et al. Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK), a novel Hsp90-client tyrosine kinase: down-regulation of NPM-ALK expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in ALK+ CD30+ lymphoma cells by Hsp90 antagonist 17-allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin. Cancer Res. 2002;62(5):1559–66.
  62. Ergin M, Denning MF, Izban KF, et al. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with NPM-ALK (p80) fusion protein. Exp Hematol. 2001;29(9):1082–90. doi: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00688-
  63. Han Y, Amin HM, Franko B, et al. Loss of SHP1 enhances JAK3/STAT3 signaling and decreases proteasome degradation of JAK3 and NPM-ALK in ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2006;108(8):2796–803. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-
  64. Ogura M, Tobinai K, Hatake K, et al. Phase I/II study of brentuximab vedotin in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory CD30-positive Hodgkin’s lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Cancer Sci. 2014;105(7):840–6. doi: 10.1111/cas.12435.
  65. Mosse YP, Lim MS, Voss SD, et al. Safety and activity of crizotinib for paediatric patients with refractory solid tumours or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children’s Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(6):472–80. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70095-
  66. Brugieres L, Le Deley MC, Rosolen A, et al. Impact of the methotrexate administration dose on the need for intrathecal treatment in children and adolescents with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a results of a randomized trial of the EICNHL Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):897–903. doi: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.1487.
  67. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Schrappe M, et al. Short-pulse B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma-type chemotherapy is efficacious treatment for pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM 90. Blood. 2001;97(12):3699–706. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3699.
  68. Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Lenhard M, et al. Relapsed or refractory anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents after Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM)-type first-line therapy: a BFM-group study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):3065–71. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.34.8417.
  69. Goldberg JD, Casulo C, Horwitz The role of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. In: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Springer; 2013. pp. 279–93. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5851-7_16.
  70. Giulino-Roth L, Ricafort R, Kernan NA, et al. Ten-year follow-up of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(12):2018–24. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24722.
  71. Woessmann W, Peters C, Lenhard M. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma of children and adolescents – a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster group report. Br J Haematol. 2006;133(2):176–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06004.x.
  72. Mori T, Takimoto T, Katano N, et al. Recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of registered cases in Japan. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(5):594–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2005.05910.x.
  73. Луговская С.А., Почтарь М.Е., Тупицын Н.Н. Иммунофенотипирование в диагностике гемобластозов. М.: Триада, 2005. 165 с.
    [Lugovskaya SA, Pochtar’ ME, Tupitsyn NN. Immunofenotipirovanie v diagnostike gemoblastozov. (Immunophenotyping in diagnosis of hemoblastoses.) Moscow: Triada Publ.; 2005. 165 p. (In Russ)]
  74. Курильников А.Я. Мабтера — первые моноклональные антитела в терапии неходжкинских лимфом. Современная онкология. 2002;4(1):25–8.
    [Kuril’nikov AYa. Mabtera: first monoclonal antibodies in therapy of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Sovremennaya onkologiya. 2002;4(1):25–8. (In Russ)]
  75. Reff M, Carner C, Chambers K, et al. Depletion of B-cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood. 1994;83(2):435–45.
  76. Okur FV, Oguz A, Karadeniz C, et al. Refractoriness to rituximab monotherapy in a child with relapsed/refractory Burkitt non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;23(1):25–31. doi: 10.1080/08880010500313298.
  77. Marcus R, Hagenbeek A. The therapeutic use of rituximab in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Eur J Haematol. 2007;78(s67):5–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00789.x.
  78. Plosker GL, Figgitt DP. Rituximab. Drugs. 2003;63(8):803–43. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363080-
  79. Михайлова Н.Б. Роль ритуксимаба в лечении неходжкинских лимфом (реферативный обзор рандомизированных клинических исследований). Современная онкология. 2009;11(3):28–31.
    [Mikhailova NB. Role of rituximab in treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (abstract review of randomized clinical trials). Sovremennaya onkologiya. 2009;11(3):28–31. (In Russ)]
  80. Li X, Liu Z, Cao J, et al. Rituximab in combination with CHOP chemotherapy for the treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma in China: a 10-year retrospective follow-up analysis of 437 cases from Shanghai Lymphoma Research Group. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(6):837–45. doi: 10.1007/s00277-011-1375-
  81. Thomas DA, Faderl S, O’Brien S, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 2006;106(7):1569–80. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21776.
  82. Fayad L, Thomas D, Romaguera J. Update of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience with hyper-CVAD and rituximab for the treatment of mantle cell and Burkitt-type lymphomas. Clin Lymph Myel. 2007;8(2):57–62. doi: 10.3816/clm.2007.s.034.
  83. Meinhardt A, Burkhardt B, Zimmermann M, et al. Phase II Window Study on Rituximab in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Burkitt Leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(19):3115–21. doi: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.6791.
  84. Bilic E, Femenic R, Conja J, et al. CD20-positive childhood B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma: morphology, immunophenotype and a novel treatment approach: a single center experience. Coll Antropol. 2010;34(1):171–5.
  85. Смирнова Н.В., Мякова Н.В., Белогурова М.Б. и др. Лечение зрелоклеточных В-клеточных неходжкинских лимфом с использованием комбинированной иммунохимиотерапии: возможности оптимизации терапевтической стратегии. Онкогематология. 2015;10(4):15–24. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2015-10-4-15-24.
    [Smirnova NV, Myakova NV, Belogurova MB, et al. Treatment of B-cells non-Hodgkin lymphomas with combined immunochemotherapy: ability to treatment optimization. Oncohematology. 2015;10(4):15–24. doi: 10.17650/1818-8346-2015-10-4-15-24. (In Russ)]
  86. Miyamoto KI, Kobayashi Y, Maeshima AM, et al. Clinicopathological prognostic factors of 24 patients with B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2016;103(6):693–702. doi: 1007/s12185-016-1989-z.
  87. Gerrard M, Cairo MS, Weston C, et al. Excellent survival following two courses of COPAD chemotherapy. Br J Haematol. 2008;141(6):840–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2008.07144.x.
  88. Patte C, Auperin A, Gerrard M, et al. Results of the randomized international FAB/LMB96 trial for intermediate risk B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents: it is possible to reduce treatment for the early responding patients. Blood. 2007;109(7):2773–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-07-
  89. Stary J, Zimmermann M, Campbell M, et al. Intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the randomized intercontinental trial ALL IC-BFM 2002. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(3):174–84. doi: 10.1200/jco.2013.48.6522.

 

Modern Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Children (Literature Review)

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , ,

AS Levashov1, TT Valiev1, AM Kovrigina2, AV Popa1, GL Mentkevich1

1 N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478

2 Hematology Research Center, 4а Novyi Zykovskii pr-d, Moscow, Russian Federation, 125167

For correspondence: Andrei Sergeevich Levashov, scientific worker, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478; Tel.: +7(916)233-05-75; e-mail: andreyslevashov@mail.ru

For citation: Levashov AS, Valiev TT, Kovrigina AM, et al. Modern Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Children (Literature Review). Clinical oncohematology. 2016;9(2):199–207 (In Russ).

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2016-9-2-199-207

ABSTRACT

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) includes different types of the disease that are heterogeneous according to clinical, morphological, immunological, cytogenetic and molecular biological features. The review demonstrates not only main clinical and morphoimmunological characteristics of ALCL, but also presents data about expression and prognostic significance of STAT3, pSTAT3tyr705, and survivin (transcription factor). It demonstrates the value of defining the minimal disseminated disease (the minimal disseminated disease is evaluated using the PCR test before initiation of the treatment, and the minimal residual disease is evaluated during the treatment and after its completion), and clinical and molecular biological prognostic factors are also identified. There is still no a standard therapeutic regimen for pediatric ALCL patients. However, the following therapeutic protocols are considered most effective: NHL-BFM 90/95, CCG5941, SFOP-LM 89/91, UKCCSG, ALCL99-Vinblastine, POG АРО 9315, AIEOP LNH-92/97. Treatment outcomes are presented in this paper. Particular attention is paid to different molecular biological markers that allow further improvement of patients’ stratification in risk groups and possible use of target medications (multikinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies) improving the therapy outcomes.

Keywords: anaplastic large cell lymphoma, diagnosis, treatment, children.

Received: February 3, 2016

Accepted: February 10, 2016

Read in PDF (RUS)pdficon

REFERENCES

  1. Reiter A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. 2007;2007(1):285–96. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2007.1.285.
  2. Stein H, Mason DY, Gerdes J, et al. The expression of the Hodgkin’s disease associated antigen Ki-1 in reactive and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: evidence that Reed-Sternberg cells and histiocytic malignancies are derived from activated lymphoid cells. 1985;66(4):848–58.
  3. Piccaluga PP, Gazzola A, Mannu C, et al. Pathobiology of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Adv Hematol. 2010:345053. doi:10.1155/2010/345053.
  4. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. 4th edition. Lyon: IARC Press; 2008.
  5. Ковригина А.М., Пробатова Н.А. Лимфома Ходжкина и крупноклеточные лимфомы. М.: МИА, 2007. С. 212.[Kovrigina AM, Probatova NA. Limfoma Khodzhkina i krupnokletochnye limfomy. (Hodgkin’s lymphoma and large cell lymphomas.) Moscow: MIA Publ.; 2007. pp. 212. (In Russ)]
  6. Валиев Т.Т., Морозова О.В., Ковригина А.М. и др. Диагностика и лечение анапластических крупноклеточных лимфом у детей. Гематология и трансфузиология. 2012;51(1):3–9. [Valiev TT, Morozova OV, Kovrigina AM, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of anaplastic large-cell lymphomas in children. Gematologiya i transfuziologiya. 2012;51(1):3–9. (In Russ)]
  7. Lamant L, McCarthy K, d’Amore E, et al. Prognostic Impact of Morphologic and Phenotypic Features of Childhood ALK-Positive Anaplastic Large-Cell. Lymphoma: Results of the ALCL99 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(35):4669–76. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.5411.
  8. Calzado-Villarreal L, Polo-Rodriguez I, Ortiz-Romerob PL, et al. Primary Cutaneous CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2010;101(2):119–28. doi: 10.1016/s1578-2190(10)70598-9.
  9. Brugieres L, Deley MC, Pacquement H, et al. CD30 Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma in Children: Analysis of 82 Patients Enrolled in Two Consecutive Studies of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. 1998;92(10):3591–8.
  10. Williams DM, Hobson R, Imeson J, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in childhood: analysis of 72 patients treated on The United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group chemotherapy regimens. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(4):812–20. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03482.x.
  11. Seidemann K, Tiemann M, Schrappe M, et al. Short-pulse B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma-type chemotherapy is efficacious treatment for pediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a report of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group Trial NHL-BFM 90. 2001;97(12):3699–706. doi: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3699.
  12. Burkhardt В., Oschlies I, Klapper W, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in adolescents: experiences in 378 adolescent NHL patients treated according to pediatric NHL-BFM protocols. 2011;25(1):153–60. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.245.
  13. Deley MC, Reiter A, Williams D, et al. Prognostic factors in childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: results of a large European intergroup study. 2008;111(3):1560–6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-100958.
  14. Rosolen A, Pillon M, Garaventa A, et al. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Treated with a Leukemia-Like Therapy: Report of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) LNH-92 Protocol. 2005;104(10):2133–40. doi: 10.1002/cncr.21438.
  15. Lowe EJ, Sposto R, Perkins SL, et al. Intensive Chemotherapy for Systemic Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents: Final Results of Children’s Cancer Group Study 5941. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2009;52(3):335–9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21817.
  16. Laver JH, Kraveka JM, Hutchison RE, et al. Advanced-Stage Large-Cell Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents: Results of a Randomized Trial Incorporating intermediate-Dose Methotrexate and High-Dose Cytarabine in the Maintenance Phase of the APO Regimen: A Pediatric Oncology Group Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(3):541–7. doi: 10.1200/jco.2005.11.075.
  17. Pillon M, Gregucci F, Lombardi A, et al. Results of AIEOP LNH-97 Protocol for the Treatment of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of Childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59(5):828–33. doi: 10.1002/pbc.24125.
  18. Jacobsen E. Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma, T-/Null-Cell Type. The Oncologist. 2006;11(7):831–40. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-7-831.
  19. Delsoll G, Brugieres L, Gaulard P, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-positive and anaplastic large cell lymphoma ALK-negative. Hematol Meet Rep. 2009;3(1):51–7.
  20. Zamo A, Chiarle R, Piva R, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activates Stat3 and protects hematopoietic cells from cell death. 2002;21(7):1038–47. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205152.
  21. Weinberg OK, Seo K, Arber DA. Prevalence of bone marrow involvement in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma: are immunohistochemical studies necessary? Hum Pathol. 2008;39(9):1331–40. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.01.005.
  22. Khoury JD, Medeiros LJ, Rassidakis GZ, et al. Differential expression and clinical significance of tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT3 in ALK+ and ALK- Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:3692–9.
  23. Dourlat J, Liu W-Q, Florence S, et al. A novel non-phosphorylated potential antitumoral peptide inhibits STAT3 biological activity. 2009;91(8):996–1002. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.05.006.
  24. Schlette EJ, Medeiros LJ, Goy A, et al. Survivin Expression Predicts Poorer Prognosis in Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(9):1682–8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.10.172.
  25. Nasr MR, Laver JH, Chang M. Expression of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Tyrosine-Phosphorylated STAT3, and Associated Factors in Pediatric Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127(5):770–8. doi: 10.1309/fny8y4h6pk1v2mge.
  26. Zhang J, Wang P, Wu F, et al. Aberrant expression of the transcriptional factor twist 1 promotes invasiveness in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cell Signalling. 2012;24(4):852–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.020.
  27. Huang W, Li X, Yao X, et al. Expression of ALK protein, mRNA and fusion transcripts in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Exper Mol Pathol. 2009;86(2):121–6. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.11.012.
  28. Damm-Welk C, Klapper W, Oschlies I, et al. Distribution of NPM1-ALK and X-ALK fusion transcripts in paediatric anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a molecular-histological correlation. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(3):306–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07754.x.
  29. Ait-Tahar K, Damm-Welk C, Burkhardt B, et al. Correlation of the autoantibody response to the ALK oncoantigen in pediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with tumor dissemination and relapse risk. 2010;115(16):3314–9. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-251892.
  30. Damm-Welk C, Busch K, Burkhardt B, et al. Prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in bone marrow or peripheral blood as detected by qualitative and quantitative PCR in pediatric NPM-ALK–positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. 2007;110(2):670–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-066852.
  31. Damm-Welk C, Mussolin L, Zimmermann M, et al. Early assessment of minimal residual disease identifies patients at very high relapse risk in NPM-ALK-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. 2014;123(3):334–7. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-09-526202.
  32. Jaffe ES. What’s new on the horizon in T-cell lymphoma. [Internet] Available from: http://www.ercongressi.it/t-cell-slide/April%2027,%202015/01.%20T-cell%20world/1%20-%20Jaffe.pdf. (accessed 18.04.2016).
  33. Parrilla Castellar ER, Jaffe ES, Said JW, et al. ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a genetically heterogeneous disease with widely disparate clinical outcomes. 2014;124(9):1473–80. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-571091.
  34. Wrobel G, Mauguen A, Rosolen A, et al. Safety Assessment of Intensive Induction Therapy in Childhood Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: Report of the ALCL99 Randomised Trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(7):1071– doi: 10.1002/pbc.22940.
  35. Woessmann W, Seidemann K, Mann G, et al. The impact of the methotrexate administration schedule and dose in the treatment of children and adolescents with B-cell neoplasms: a report of the BFM group study NHL-BFM95. 2005;105(3):948–58. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0973.
  36. Le Deley MC, Rosolen A, Williams DM, et al. Vinblastine in Children and Adolescents With High-Risk Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma: Results of the Randomized ALCL99-Vinblastine Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(25):3987–93. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.28.5999.
  37. Alexander S, Kraveka JM, Weitzman S, et al. Advanced stage anaplastic large cell lymphoma in children and adolescents: results of ANHL0131, a randomized Phase III Trial of APO versus a modified regimen with vinblastine: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61(12):2236–42. doi: 10.1002/pbc.25187.
  38. Gross TG, Hale GA, He W, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory or recurrent non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;16(2):223–30. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.09.021.
  39. Brugieres L, Pacquement H, Le Deley MC, et al. Single-drug vinblastine as salvage treatment for refractory or relapsed anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a report from the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):5056–61. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.1764.
  40. Mori T, Takimoto T, Katano N, et al. Recurrent childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of registered cases in Japan. Br J Haematol. 2005;132(5):594–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05910.x.
  41. Woessmann W, Zimmermann M, Lenhard M, et al. Relapsed or Refractory Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents After Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster (BFM)-Type First-Line Therapy: A BFM-Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):3065–71. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.34.8417.
  42. Forero-Torres A, Leonard JP, Younes A, et al. A phase II study of SGN30 (anti-CD30 mab) in Hodgkin lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2009;146(2):171–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07740.x.
  43. Ansell SM, Horwitz SM, Engert A, et al. Phase I/II Study of an Anti-CD30 Monoclonal Antibody (MDX-060) in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(19):2764–9. doi 10.1200/jco.2006.07.8972.
  44. Pro B., Advani R, Brice P, et al. Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(18):2190–6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.0402.
  45. Younes A, Bartlett NL, Leonard JP, et al. Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) for Relapsed CD30-Positive Lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(19):1812–21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002965.
  46. Mosse YP. Safety and activity of crizotinib for pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors or anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: a Children’s Oncology Group phase 1 consortium study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(6):472–80. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70095-0.
  47. Passerini CG, Farina F, Stasia A, et al. Crizotinib in advanced, chemoresistant anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive lymphoma patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(2):djt37 doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt378.
  48. National Cancer Insitute. A Randomized Phase II study of Brentuximab Vedotin (NSC# 749710) and Crizotinib (NSC# 749005) in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL) IND #117117. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 [cited 2016 April 18]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01979536?term=NCT01979536&rank=1. NLM Identifier: NCT01979536.
  49. Greengard Е, Mosse Y, Liu X, et al. Safety and tolerability of crizotinib in combination with chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory solid tumors or anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a Children’s Oncology Group phase I consortium study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(Suppl): Abstract 10058.
  50. Geoerger B. Phase I study of ceritinib (Zycadia) in pediatric patients (Pts) with malignancies harboring a genetic alteration in ALK (ALK+): Safety, pharmacokinetic (PK), and efficacy J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(Suppl): Abstract 10005.
  51. Friboulet L, Li N, Katayama R, et al. The ALK Inhibitor Ceritinib Overcomes Crizotinib Resistance in Non–Small Cell Lung cancer. Cancer Discovery. 2014;4(6):662–73. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0846.

T-cell lymphomas: therapeutic possibilities for a limited choice

MY CHOISE , , , , ,

V.A. Doronin

N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

Peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs and CTCLs) are a group of distinct non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHLs) with wide variation of molecular and genetic features, symptom patterns, and clinical manifestations. The diversity and rarity of these hematological disorders make clinical studies difficult, and treatment is improving slower than in more common B-cell NHLs. Thus, no standard therapies have been established for T-cell lymphomas so far. Treatment is often conducted within the frame of clinical trials. This article offers perspectives regarding the tailoring of treatment for patients with PTCL and CTCL. Novel therapies are also discussed.

Keywords: T-cell lymphomas, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

Read in  PDF (RUS)pdficon

REFERENCES

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press, 2008.
  2. Vose J., Armitage J., Weisenburger D. International peripheral T-cell and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma study: pathology findings and clinical outcomes. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26(25): 4124–30.
  3. Petrich A.M., Helenowski I., Galamaga R.W., Nabhan C. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2012; 120: Abstract 4264.
  4. Savage K.J., Chhanabhai M., Gascoyne R.D. et al. Characterization of peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a single North American institution by the WHO classification. Ann. Oncol. 2004; 15: 1467–75.
  5. Schmitz N., Trumper L., Ziepert M. et al. Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2010; 116: 3418–25.
  6. Gallamini A., Zaja F., Patti C. et al. Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) and CHOP сhemotherapy as first-line treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results of a GITIL (Gruppo Italiano Terapie Innovative nei Linfomi) prospective multicenter trial. Blood 2007; 110: 2316–23.
  7. Mahadevan D., Unger J.M., Persky D.O. et al. Phase II trial of cisplatin plus etoposide plus gemcitagine plus solumedrol (PEGS) in peripheral T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SWOG S0350). Ann. Oncol. 2011; 22.
  8. Rodriguez J., Conde E., Gutierrez A. et al. Frontline autologous stem cell transplantation in high-risk peripheral T-cell lymphoma: a prospective study from The Gel-Tamo Study Group. Eur. J. Haematol. 2007; 79: 32–8.
  9. Mercadal S. Intensive chemotherapy (high-dose CHOP/ESHAP regimen) followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation in previously untreated patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Ann. Oncol. 2008; 19: 958–63.
  10. Reimer P., Rudiger T., Geissinger E. et al. Autologous stem-cell transplantation as first-line therapy in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: results of a prospective multicenter study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27: 106–13.
  11. d’Amore F., Relander T., Lauritzsen G.F. et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologuos stem cell transplantation in previously untreated peripheral T-cell lymphoma — final analysis of a large prospective multicenter study (NLGT-01). J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(25): 3093–9.
  12. Farcet J.P., Gaulard P., Marolleau J.P. et al. Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma: sinusal/sinusoidal localization of malignant cells expressing the T-cell receptor gamma delta. Blood 1990; 75(11): 2213–9.
  13. Schmidt L.A., Lim M.S. T cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody therapy for ulcerative colitis: literature summary. J. Hematop. 2009; 2(2): 121–6.
  14. Kotlyar D.S., Osterman M.T., Diamond R.H. et al. A systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 9(1): 36–41.
  15. Miyazaki K., Yamaguchi M., Imai H. et al. Gene expression profiling of peripheral T-cell lymphoma including gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2009; 113(5): 1071–4.
  16. Falchook G.S., Vega F., Dang N.H. et al. Hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathological features and treatment. Ann. Oncol. 2009; 20(6): 1080–5.
  17. Willemze R., Jansen P.M., Cerroni L. et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: definition, classification, and prognostic factors: an EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Group Study of 83 cases. Blood 2008; 111(2): 838–45.
  18. Go R.S., Wester S.M. Immunophenotypic and molecular features, clinical outcomes, treatments, and prognostic factors associated with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: a systematic analysis of 156 patients reported in the literature. Cancer 2004; 101(6): 1404–13.
  19. Salhany K.E., Macon W.R., Choi J.K. et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and genotypic analysis of alpha/beta and gamma/delta subtypes. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1998; 22(7): 881–93.
  20. Jantunen E., Boumendil A., Finel H. et al. Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) for Enteropathy-Associated T-Cell Lymphoma (EATL): Final Analysis of a Retrospective Study On the Behalf of Lymphoma Working Party (LWP) of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts) 2012; 120: Abstract 3105.
  21. Kim G.E., Cho J.H., Yang W.I. et al. Angiocentric lymphoma of the head and neck: patterns of systemic failure after radiation treatment. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18(1): 54–63.
  22. Li Y.X., Yao B., Jin J. et al. Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and IIE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006; 24(1): 181–9.
  23. Kim W.S., Song S.Y., Ahn Y.C. et al. CHOP followed by involved field radiation: is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? Ann. Oncol. 2001; 12(3): 349–52.
  24. Yamaguchi M., Kwong Y.L., Kim W.S. et al. Phase II study of SMILE chemotherapy for newly diagnosed stage IV, relapsed, or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the NK-Cell Tumor Study Group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29(33): 4410–6.
  25. Willemze R., Kerl H., Sterry W. et al. EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Blood 1997; 90: 354–71.
  26. Willemze R., Jaffe E.S., Burg G. et al. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005; 105: 3768–85.
  27. Macaulay W.L. Lymphomatoid papulosis. A continuing self-healing eruption, clinically benign–histologically malignant. Arch. Dermatol. 1968; 97(1): 23–30.
  28. Bekkenk M.W., Geelen F.A., van Voorst Vader P.C. et al. Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30(+) lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group on the long-term follow-up data of 219 patients and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood 2000; 95: 3653–61.
  29. Liu H.L., Hoppe R.T., S. Kohler et al. CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders: the Stanford experience in lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003; 49(6): 1049–58.
  30. Bijl J.J., Rieger E., van Oostveen J.W. et al. HOXC4, HOXC5, and HOXC6 expression in primary cutaneous lymphoid lesions. High expression of HOXC5 in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Am. J. Pathol. 1997; 151: 1067–74.
  31. Vonderheid E.C., Sajjadian A., Kadin M.E. Methotrexate is effective therapy for lymphomatoid papulosis and other primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1996; 34(3): 470–81.
  32. Willemze R., Beljaards R.C. Spectrum of primary cutaneous CD30 (Ki-1)- positive lymphoproliferative disorders. A proposal for classification and guidelines for management and treatment. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1993; 28(6): 973–80.
  33. Paulli M., Berti E., Rosso R. et al. CD30/Ki-1-positive lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin–clinicopathologic correlation and statistical analysis of 86 cases: a multicentric study from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 1995; 13(6): 1343–54.
  34. Rijlaarsdam J.U., Huijgens P.C., Beljaards R.C. et al. Oral etoposide in the treatment of cutaneous large-cell lymphomas. A preliminary report of four cases. Br. J. Dermatol. 1992; 127(5): 524–8.
  35. Kim Y.H., Liu H.L., Mraz-Gernhard S. et al. Long-term outcome of 525 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: clinical prognostic factors and risk for disease progression. Arch. Dermatol. 2003; 139(7): 857–66.
  36. Ralfkiaer E. Controversies and discussion on early diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Phenotyping. Dermatol. Clin. 1994; 12: 329–34.
  37. Vonderheid E.C., Bernengo M.G., Burg G. et al. Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2002; 46: 95–106.
  38. Agar N.S., Wedgeworth E., Crichton S. et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010; 28(31): 4730–9.
  39. Olsen E.A., Rook A.H., Zic J. et al. Sezary syndrome: immunopathogenesis, literature review of therapeutic options, and recommendations for therapy by the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium (USCLC). J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2011; 64(2): 352–404.
  40. Kelly W.K., O’Connor O.A., Krug L.M. et al. Phase I study of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in patients with advanced cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23(17): 3923–31.
  41. Kelly W.K., Richon V.M., O’Connor O. et al. Phase I clinical trial of histone deacetylase inhibitor: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid administered intravenously. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003; 9(10 Pt. 1): 3578–88.
  42. O’Connor O.A., Heaney M.L., Schwartz L. et al. Clinical experience with intravenous and oral formulations of the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006; 24(1): 166–73.
  43. Mann B.S., Johnson J.R., Cohen M.H. et al. FDA approval summary: vorinostat for treatment of advanced primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncologist 2007; 12(10): 1247–52.
  44. Duvic M., Talpur R., Ni X. et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2007; 109(1): 31–9.
  45. Olsen E.A., Kim Y.H., Kuzel T.M. et al. Phase IIb multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007; 25(21): 3109–15.
  46. O’Connor O.A., Pro B., Pinter-Brown L. et al. Pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: results from the pivotal PROPEL study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29(9): 1182–9.
  47. Marchi E., Paoluzzi L., Scotto L. et al. Pralatrexate is synergistic with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in in vitro and in vivo models of T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010; 16(14): 3648–58.
  48. Horwitz S.M., Vose J.M., Advani R. et al. Pralatrexate and Gemcitabine in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoproliferative Malignancies: Phase 1 Results. ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts 2009; 114: 1674.
  49. Coiffier B., Pro B., Prince H.M. et al. Results from a pivotal, open-label, phase II study of romidepsin in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma after prior systemic therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(6): 631–6.
  50. Pro B., Advani R., Brice P. et al. Durable remissions with brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35): updated results of a phase II study in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29: Abstract 8032