Mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle Cell Lymphoma: History, Current Principles of Diagnosis, and Treatment (Literature Review)

AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA

GS Tumyan

NN Blokhin National Medical Cancer Research Center, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478

For correspondence: Gayane Sepugovna Tumyan, MD, PhD, 24 Kashirskoye sh., Moscow, Russian Federation, 115478; e-mail: gaytum@mail.ru

For citation: Tumyan GS. Mantle Cell Lymphoma: History, Current Principles of Diagnosis, and Treatment (Literature Review). Clinical oncohematology. 2020;13(4):366–81. (In Russ).

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2020-13-4-366-381

ABSTRACT

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations from rare indolent cases requiring no immediate treatment to aggressive fast-proliferating tumors. Differences in clinical behavior are rooted in molecular grounds which in the latest edition of WHO hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue tumor classification formed the basis for dividing MCL into two variants: classical (in most cases) and indolent. In last decades, our insight into biology and disease development mechanisms has been considerably enhanced. Further, it will help to risk stratify patients not only according to clinical factors (MIPI) but also taking into account molecular and biological properties of tumor (Ki-67 proliferation index, ТР53, NOTCH1, and NOTCH2 mutations, complex karyotype, and unmutated IGHV status). Treatment algorithms based on intensive chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with further rituximab maintenance therapy ensure long-term monitoring of the disease in many MCL patients. The use of new “chemo-free” regimens and rational combinations (bortezomib, BTK inhibitors, lenalidomide, and venetoclax) offers the hope of a departure from conventional chemotherapy for a certain part of patients. Novel drugs with unique modes of action enabled, to some extent, to deconstruct the stigma of MCL fatality.

Keywords: mantle cell lymphoma, treatment.

Received: June 17, 2020

Accepted: September 2, 2020

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Intermediate Results of Prospective Observational Study: The 2-year Experience of Ibrutinib Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma in Clinical Practice

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , ,

VI Vorob’ev, VA Zherebtsova, EI Dubrovin, LA Bychenkova, YuB Kochkareva, LA Mukha, VL Ivanova, NK Khuazheva, VV Ptushkin

SP Botkin Municipal Clinical Hospital, 5 2-i Botkinskii pr-d, Moscow, Russian Federation, 125284

For correspondence: Vladimir Ivanovich Vorob’ev, MD, PhD, 5 2-i Botkinskii pr-d, Moscow, Russian Federation, 125284; e-mail: morela@mail.ru

For citation: Vorob’ev VI, Zherebtsova VA, Dubrovin EI, et al. Intermediate Results of Prospective Observational Study: The 2-year Experience of Ibrutinib Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma in Clinical Practice. Clinical oncohematology. 2019;12(2):165-72.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2019-12-2-165-172

ABSTRACT

Aim. To assess efficacy and toxicity of ibrutinib monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

Materials & Methods. In this group of patients ibrutinib has been used since April 2016. Ibrutinib administration criteria were the age > 18 years and the confirmed MCL diagnosis with nuclear hyperexpression of cyclin D1 and t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation. Poor physical status, pancytopenia, infectious complications (except for life-threatening conditions), blastoid variant, and the number of previous treatment lines were not regarded as contraindications to ibrutinib therapy. Oral ibrutinib was administered once a day at a dose of 560 mg before progression and until intolerable toxicity was observed.

Results. From April 20, 2016 to April 6, 2018 ibrutinib therapy was provided to 42 patients with relapsed/refractory MCL. The median age was 69 years (range 40–81); 64 % of patients were men; ECOG > 2 was registered in 14 % of patients; 38 % of patients had blastoid variant; the median number of previous treatment lines was 2 (range 1–11). The overall response rate was 85 % (35 % were in complete remission); 57 % (24/42) of patients remain on ibrutinib treatment for the period of 4–667 days. The median event-free survival (EFS) was 365 days (95% confidence interval was 31–698 days). The median overall survival was not achieved. In blastoid variant the median EFS was 92 days, in the alternative group the median was not achieved and EFS was 76 % for 12 months (p < 0.001). In the majority of cases ibrutinib was well tolerated by patients. The most common complications were myalgia and muscle cramps (57 % cases), diarrhea (46 %, and grade 3 in 5 % cases), hemorrhagic complications (63 %, all of them of grade 1–2), and arrhythmia (7 %). Infectious complications were reported in 31 % of patients. In one case the start of ibrutinib treatment appeared to be problematic due to neutropenia of grade 4. Relative dose intensity was > 98 % (range 91.6–100 %). In 10 (24 %) patients ibrutinib treatment had to be adjusted (dose reduction or treatment interruption) due to toxicity and planned surgeries. None of ibrutinib recipients had to completely discontinue ibrutinib therapy due to complications.

Conclusion. These data on the use of ibrutinib in actual clinical practice are comparable with the results of international multicenter studies (PCYC-1104, SPARK, and RAY). Reduced toxicity profile and rather high speed of antitumor response allow for ibrutinib administration in cases of poor physical status, low blood count, and even infectious complications. However, some adverse effects are manifested not earlier than after 6-month treatment, which calls for continuous monitoring, especially when preparing for surgeries.

Keywords: mantle cell lymphoma, ibrutinib, relapse, refractory course, targeted therapy.

Received: November 4, 2018

Accepted: February 11, 2019

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First-Line Treatment of Mantle-Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , , ,

KD Kaplanov1, NP Volkov1, TYu Klitochenko1, AL Shipaeva1, IV Matveeva1, MN Shirokova1, AC Proskurina1, NA Red’kina1, EG Gemdzhyan2

1 Volgograd Regional Clinical Oncologic Centre, 78 Zemlyachki str., Volgograd, Russian Federation, 400138

2 National Medical Hematology Research Center, 4а Novyi Zykovskii pr-d, Moscow, Russian Federation, 125167

For correspondence: Kamil’ Daniyalovich Kaplanov, MD, PhD, 78 Zemlyachki str., Volgograd, Russian Federation, 400138; e-mail: kamilos@mail.ru

For citation: Kaplanov KD, Volkov NP, Klitochenko TYu, et al. First-Line Treatment of Mantle-Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness. Clinical oncohematology. 2018;11(2):150–9.

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2018-11-2-150-159

ABSTRACT

Aim. To study the correlation between efficacy of mantle-cell lymphoma treatment in clinical practice and failure of first-line therapy and direct expenses depending on the first-line therapy selection.

Methods. During the period from 2008 to 2016 a comparative single-center controlled trial was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC (n = 16) regimen. The control group included patients treated with 6–8 cycles of R-CHOP (n = 39). Cytarabine dose was lower than the original regimen and contained not more than 1 g/m2 twice a day for 2 days. R-hyper-CVAD regimen included the standard drug doses. R-HD-AraC treatment started on day 28 from the beginning of the R-hyper-CVAD therapy. The R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC group consisted of patients with the following characteristics: the median age was 56 years (range 40–66), older than 60 — 6 (38 %), male patients — 12 (75 %), stage IV — 12 (75 %), bulky — 7 (44 %), with bone marrow involved — 11 (69 %), MIPIb high-risk — 8 (50 %), blastoid variant — 7 (44 %). Only 2 patients of the R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC group received high-dose consolidation treatment with autologous HSC transplantation. HSCT was not performed in the control group. The results of comparative analysis were adjusted to age. In terms of the other significant factors the groups under comparison were similar.

Results. All the patients of the study group were treated with 3 R-hyper-CVAD and 3 R-HD-AraC regimens. The rate of complete remission was significantly higher than in the control group —12 (75 %) vs. 14 (36 %). No differences were observed in the 5-year overall survival: 55 % in the R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC group and 58 % in the R-CHOP group (p = 0.75). Second-line therapy was received by 8 out of 15 (47 %) patients treated with R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC, and by 18 out of 23 (78 %) patients treated with R-CHOP. Median time before second-line therapy was significantly higher in the R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC group — 26 vs. 6 months (p = 0.018). The costs of the first and subsequent therapy lines were analysed using a Markov model. Cost analysis of first-line therapy variants to be compared was based on cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The analysis proved the cost-effectiveness of R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC program.

Conclusion. R-hyper-CVAD-R-HD-AraC program meets eligibility criteria for effectiveness, toxicity and cost-effectiveness and can, therefore, be recommended as first-line therapy of mantle-cell lymphoma and be used for the further comparative clinical trials.

Keywords: mantle-cell lymphoma, immunochemotherapy, pharmacoeconomics, Markov model, cost-effectiveness analysis.

Received: January 7, 2018

Accepted: March 3, 2018

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Role of Superficial CD200 Marker in Differential Diagnosis of Malignant B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , , , ,

YuV Mirolyubova, EA Stadnik, TS Nikulina, VV Strugov, TO Andreeva, YuV Virts, RV Grozov, AYu Zaritskey

Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova str., Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197341

For correspondence: Yuliya Vladimirovna Mirolyubova, 2 Akkuratova str., Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, 197341; e-mail: juli9702@yandex.ru

For citation: Mirolyubova YuV, Stadnik EA, Nikulina TS, et al. Role of Superficial CD200 Marker in Differential Diagnosis of Malignant B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Clinical oncohematology. 2017;10(2):169–75 (In Russ).

DOI: 10.21320/2500-2139-2017-10-2-169-175

ABSTRACT

Background & Aims. Flow cytometry is successfully used for diagnosis of malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. However, there are atypical cases that are difficult to interpret; thus, new markers relevant for the differential diagnosis are to be searched for. The aim is to analyze CD200 expression in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.

Materials & Methods. 187 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 14 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), 9 patients with marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), and 5 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were enrolled in the study. Neoplasm was not confirmed in 12 subjects. The patients underwent the following tests: CBC, immunophenotyping of peripheral blood or bone marrow lymphocytes, and a cytogenetic test. In some cases, an additional immunohistochemical test of bone marrow trepanobiopsy or lymph node biopsy samples was required.

Results. In all cases of CLL and HCL, the CD200 expression was positive; mean fluorescence intensity was higher in these cases as compared to other groups. Negative expression of CD200 prevailed in MCL patients; however, at the same time 2 cases of intermediate and positive expression were reported, both showing moderate fluorescence intensity values. CD200 expression was heterogeneous in MZL patients.

Conclusion. The CD200 negative expression excludes typical HCL and CLL. Additional cytogenetic and immunnohistoсhemical tests should be performed in such cases to verify the diagnosis, first of all, MCL or MZL.

Keywords: CD200, flow cytometry, diagnosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia.

Received: September 7, 2016

Accepted: January 3, 2017

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Mantle cell lymphoma: program therapy for untreated patients under 65 years

LYMPHOID TUMORS , , ,

V.I. Vorobyev1, S.K. Kravchenko1, E.G. Gemdjian1, Yu. Yu. Lorie 2, A.U. Magomedova1, A.L. Melikyan1, J.K. Mangasarova1, D.S. Mar’yin1, E.I. Dubrovin1, T.N. Obukhova1, S.A. Makhinya, V.A. Zherebtsova3, M.A. Vernyuk4, N.G. Tyurina4, and V.G. Savchenko1

1 Hematology Research Center, RF Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 Moscow Oncology Clinic #3, Russian Federation

3 Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, RF Presidential Executive Office, Moscow, Russian Federation

4 P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation

ABSTRACT

Background: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is aggressive B-cell neoplasm which is diagnosed predominantly among older men. The use of high-dose Ara-C (12 g/m2 per course), autoSCT, and rituximab at all stages of therapy is the most effective approach but it is feasible only in patients under 60–65 years. High efficacy of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin-based regimens and irinotecan in relapsed or refractory MCL justifies their use in first-line therapy.

Objective: Assessment of toxicity and efficacy of R-DA-EPOCH/R-GIDIOX- and R-DA-EPOCH/R-HD-Met-Ara-C-regimens in primary MCL patients selected for autoSCT.

Patients and Methods: Since May 2008, 41 untreated MCL pts (median age: 54 years [29–64], M/F: 73%/27%, MIPIb: 29.3% low, 36.6% intermediate, 34.1% high risk) have been enrolled. After first R-EPOCH course (W. Wilson, 2003) completed, the patients were stratified according to toxicity emerged into 2 therapeutic groups: R-DA-EPOCH/R-HD-Met-AraC or R-DA-EPOCH/R-GIDIOX. In absence of grade 4 hematological toxicity for more than 3 days, serious infectious complications, or signs of renal failure, the pts received the R-HD-Met-Ara-C (R, 375 mg/m2 on Day 0; methotrexate, 1000 mg/m2 for 24 hours, Day 1; cytarabine, 3000 mg/m2 q 12 hrs on Days 2–3) regimen. When any of the above complications was present, the pts received the R-GIDIOX (R, 375 mg/m2 on Day 0; gemcitabine, 800 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 4; oxaliplatin, 120 mg/m2 on Day 2; irinotecan, 100 mg/m2 on Day 3; dexamethasone, 10 mg/m2 IV on Days 1–5; ifosfamide, 1000 mg/m2 on Days 1–5) regimen. Then, these regimens were reversed into either R-DA-EPOCH/R-HD-Met-Ara-C or R-DA-EPOCH/R-GIDIOX. Depending on the time until the complete response was achieved, pts received 6 to 8 therapeutic courses and autoSCT (BEAM-R) with in vivo purging using rituximab. Pts with residual tumor after autoSCT underwent local irradiation. R-maintenance was performed every 3 months for 3 years. Since Nov. 2011, all pts had received intrathecal CNS prophylaxis (including the patients who had undergone autoSCT during the year preceding Nov. 2011). The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. Pts were analyzed using the intention-to-treat model. Toxicity assessment was performed for 124 R-DA-EPOCH, 87 R-HD-Met-Ara-C, and 51 R-GIDIOX courses.

Results: The median follow-up was 22 months (range 4–60). By April 2013, 35 patients had undergone autoSCT: 21 and 14 from R-HD-Met-Ara-C- and R-GIDIOX arm, respectively. One patient died from acute renal failure and septic shock at the induction stage after first HD-Met-AraC course. R-maintenance therapy was completed in 5 patients. In all patients who had received R-HD-Met-Ara-C, CR was achieved. In the R-GIDIOX arm, OR rate was 93%: 12 CR, 2 PR, and 1 case of disease progression after 5 courses. The most common non-hematological R-GIDIOX toxicity was related to the liver with elevated aminotransferases up to Grades 1–2 and 3–4 in 64.7% and 7.8% of cases, respectively, with no clinical manifestations. The sources of stem cells was PB in 27 out of 31 patients, and in 4 cases of harvest failure after 3 R-GIDIOX and 1 HD-Met-AraC BM was used. Hematological toxicity of R-GIDIOX course included grade 4 leukopenia in 74.5% (medium duration: 5 days, range: 1–13) and grade 4 thrombocytopenia in 39.2%. The estimated 5-years OS for the R-GIDIOX and R-HD-Met-AraC groups was 93 ± 7% and 79 ± 12%, respectively. The estimated 5-years EFS for the R-GIDIOX and R-HD-Met-AraC groups was 59 ± 19% and 74 ± 12%, respectively.

Conclusions: The HD-Met-Ara-C regimen is highly toxic, and it can be used only in 2/3 of patients under 65 years. The R-GIDIOX regimen is less toxic than HD-Met-Ara-C and equally effective with regard to the response induction and mobilizing necessary amount of autologous stem cells, so it can be recommended for the patients in whom Ara-C and methotrexate in high doses carry the high risk of life-threatening consequences.

Keywords: Mantle cell lymphoma, treatment, autoSCT, maintenance therapy.

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