AIDS

Lymphomas in HIV-Infected Patients: Literature Review

REVIEWS , , , , , , ,

A.V. Pivnik1, N.V. Seregin2, Yu.G. Parkhomenko3,4, O.A. Tishkevich4, A.M. Kovrigina5, Е.B. Likunov6

1 N.N. Pletnev Moscow Clinical Research Center, Department of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation

2 Moscow Municipal Cancer Dispensary No. 3, Moscow, Russian Federation

3 Research Institute of Human Morphology, RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation

4 Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital No. 2, Department of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation

5 Hematology Research Center, RF MH, Moscow, Russian Federation

6 American Medical Center, Moscow, Russian Federation

Address correspondence to: pivnikav@gmail.com

For citation: Pivnik A.V., Seregin N.V., Parkhomenko Yu.G., Tishkevich O.A., Kovrigina A.M., Likunov E.B. Lymphomas in HIV-Infected Patients: Literature Review. Klin. onkogematol. 2014; 7(3): 264–77 (In Russ.).

ABSTRACT

This review presents data on incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphoid malignancies in HIV-infected patients. Articles published by Russian and foreign authors are being reviewed. The principle role of decreased CD4+ lymphocyte count in development of secondary diseases in HIV patients is emphasized. Data on the structure of death causes in HIV-infected patients published by Russian authors are presented. They demonstrate that lymphoma is the 5th most common death cause (of 6 leading death causes). Hodgkin’s lymphoma in HIV-infected patients is not discussed in the review, because its pathogenesis differs from that of aggressive lymphomas and requires a separate discussion.

Keywords: lymphomas in HIV-infected patients, HIV, AIDS, secondary disorders, death causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment.

Accepted: May 15, 2014

Read in PDF (RUS)pdficon 

REFERENCES

  1. Ship J.A., Wolff A., Selik R.M. Epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in persons aged 50 years or older. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1991; 4(1): 84–8.
  2. Lyles R.H., Munoz A., Yamashita T.E. et al. Natural history of HIV type 1 viremia after seroconversion and proximal to AIDS in a large cohort of homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 181: 872–80.
  3. Бобкова М.Р. Иммунитет и ВИЧ-инфекция (популярные лекции). М.: Олимпия Пресс, 2006. 240 с. [Bobkova M.R. Immunitet i VICh-infektsiya (populyarnye lektsii). (Immunity and HIV infection (popular lectures)). Moscow: Olimpiya Press Publ., 2006. 240 p.].
  4. Mellors J.W., Munoz A.M., Giorgi J.V. et al. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 1997; 126: 946–54.
  5. UNAIDS Technical Update (UNAIDS Best Practice Collection: Technical Update). UNAIDS (1997b): HIV testing methods. Geneva: UNAIDS, November 1997.
  6. Покровский В.В., Ермак Т.Н., Беляева В.В. ВИЧ инфекция. Клиника, диагностика, лечение. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2003: 356–60. [Pokrovskii V.V., Ermak T.N., Belyaeva V.V. VICh infektsiya. Klinika, diagnostika, lechenie. (HIV infection. Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment). Moscow: GEOTAR-Media Publ., 2003. pp. 356–60].
  7. ВИЧ-инфекция и СПИД: национальное руководство. Под. ред. В.В. Пок ровского. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2013. 608 с.  [Pokrovskii V.V., ed. VICh-infektsiya i SPID: natsional’noe rukovodstvo. (HIV and AIDS: national guidelines). Moscow: GEOTAR-Media Publ., 2013. 608 p.].
  8. Покровский В.И., Покровский В.В., Потекаев С.Н. и др. Первый случай СПИД у гражданина СССР. Тер. арх. 1988; 7: 10–14. [Pokrovskii V.I., Pokrovskii V.V., Potekaev S.N. et al. The first case of AIDS in a USSR resident. Ter. arkh. 1988; 7: 10–4. (In Russ.)].
  9. Тишкевич О.А., Шахгильдян В.И., Пархоменко Ю.Г. Структура ле- тальных исходов и патологическая анатомия у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией в Москве. Эпидемиол. и инфек. бол. 2004; 4: 42–6. [Tishkevich O.A., Shakhgil’dyan V.I., Parkhomenko Yu.G. The Structure of lethal outcomes and morbid anatomy in HIV infected patients in Moscow. Epidemiol. i infek. bol. 2004; 4: 42–6. (In Russ.)].
  10. Гармаева Т.Ц. Вирусные гепатиты В и С у больных заболеваниями системы крови: Автореф. дис. … д-ра мед. наук. М., 2012. [Garmaeva T.Ts. Virusnye gepatity B i C u bol’nykh zabolevaniyami sistemy krovi: Avtoref. dis. … d-ra med. nauk. (Viral hepatitis B and C in patients with blood diseases: Author’s abstract of doctor’s thesis). Moscow, 2012.].
  11. Gonzalez R., Jacobus J., Martin M. Investigating Neurocognitive Features of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Drug Users: Potential Challenges and Lessons Learned from the HIV Literature. CID 2005; 41: S45–49.
  12. Hilsabeck R.C., Castellon S.A., Hinkin Ch.H. Neuropsychological Aspects of Coinfection with HIV and Hepatitis C Virus. CID 2005; 41: S38–44.
  13. Desai J., Mitnick R.J., Henry D.H., Llena J., Sparano J.A. Patterns of central nervous system recurrence in patients with systemic human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 1999; 86: 1840–7.
  14. Леви Дж.Э. ВИЧ и патогенез СПИДа: Пер. с англ., 3-е изд. М.: На- учный мир, 2010: 16. [Levy Jay A. HIV and the Pathogenesis of AIDS. 3rd edition. ASM Press, 2007, 643 p. (Russ. Ed. Levy J.A. VICh i patogenez SPIDa. Moscow: Nauchnyi Mir Publ., 2010. рр. 16.)].
  15. Allers K., Hutter G., Hofmann J. et al. Evidence for the cure of HIV infection 32 stem cell transplantation. Blood 2011; 117(10): 2791–9.D32/Dby CCR5
  16. Hosseini I., MacGabhann F., Thomas P.G. (eds.) APOBEC3G-Augmented Stem Cell Therapy to Modulate HIV Replication: A Computational Study. PLoS One 2013; 8(5): e63984.
  17. Kenneth L.M., Johnson M., D’Aquila R.T. APOBEC3G Complexes Decrease Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Production. J. Virol. 2011; 85(18): 9314–26.
  18. Collins K.L., Chen B.K., Walker B.D., Baltimore D. HIV-1 protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 1998; 391: 397–401.
  19. Hammer S.M. Treatment for adult HIV infection: JAVA 2006; 296(7): 827–43.
  20. Hoffmann C., Chow K.U., Wolf E. et al. Strong impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virusassociated Hodgkin’s disease. Br. J. Haematol. 2004; 125: 455.
  21. Хоффман К., Кампс Б. Лечение ВИЧ-инфекции. Flying Publisher, 2005. 581 c. [Hoffmann C., Kamps B. HIV Therapy. Flying Publisher, 2005. 581 p. (Russ. Ed. Hoffmann C., Kamps B. Lechenie VICh-infektsii. Flying Publisher, 2005. 581 p.)].
  22. Бартлетт Дж. и др. Клинические аспекты ВИЧ-инфекции: Пер. с англ. М., 2013. 540 с. [Bartlett J. et al. Klinicheskie aspekty VICh-infekcii (Clinical aspects of HIV infection). Moscow, 2013. 540 p.].
  23. Ioachim H.L. Lymphadenopathies of HIV infection and AIDS. In: Benign and malignant lymphadenopathies. Ed. by G.A. Pangalis, A. Polliack. Harwood academic publisher, 1993: 159–70.
  24. Малый В.П. ВИЧ/СПИД (Новейший медицинский справочник). М.: Эксмо, 2009. 672 с. [Malyi V.P. VICh/SPID (Noveishii meditsinskii spravochnik) (HIV/AIDS (Up-todate manual)). Moscow: Eksmo Publ., 2009. 672 p.].
  25. Пивник А.В., Лукашев А.М., Туманова М.В. и др. Диагностика и ле- чение больных СПИД-ассоциированными лимфомами. Вестн. Моск. онкол. общества. 2008; 12: 553. [Pivnik A.V., Lukashev A.M., Tumanova M.V. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with AIDS-associated lymphomas. Vestn. Mosk. onkol. obshchestva. 2008; 12: 553. (In Russ.)].
  26. Schuerman D.A. Clinical concerns: AIDS in the elderly. J. Gerontol. Nurs. 1994; 20(7): 11–7.
  27. Пархоменко Ю.Г., Тишкевич О.А., Шахгильдян В.И. Анализ аутопсий при ВИЧ-инфекции. Арх. пат. 2003; 3: 24–9. [Parkhomenko Yu.G., Tishkevich O.A., Shakhgil’dyan V.I. Analysis of autopsies in HIV infection. Arkh. pat. 2003; 3: 24–9. (In Russ.)].
  28. Mack K.A., Ory M.G. AIDS and older Americans at the end of the twentieth century. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2003; 33(Suppl. 2): S68–75.
  29. Diamond C., Taylor T.H., Im T., Miradi M., Anton-Culver H. Improved survival and chemotherapy response among patients with AIDS-related Hodgkin’s lymphoma receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Hematol. Oncol. 2006; 10: 10.
  30. Powles T., Imami N., Nelson M., Gazzard B.G., Bower M. Effects of combination chemotherapy and HAART on immune parameters in HIV-1 associated lymphoma. AIDS 2002; 16: 531–6.
  31. Пивник А.В., Коровушкин В.Г., Пархоменко Ю.Г. и др. Дифференци- альная диагностика лимфаденопатий при ВИЧ/СПИД. Тер. арх. 2006; 4: 28–32. [Pivnik A.V., Korovushkin V.G., Parkhomenko Yu.G. et al. Differential diagnosis of lymphoadenopathies in HIV/AIDS. Ter. arkh. 2006; 4: 28–32. (In Russ.)].
  32. Пивник А.В., Коровушкин В.Г., Туаева А.О. и др. Тромбоцитопения при ВИЧ-инфекции. Тер. арх. 2008; 80(7): 75–80. [Pivnik A.V., Korovushkin V.G., Tuaeva A.O. et al. Thrombocytopenia in HIV infection. Ter. arkh. 2008; 80(7): 75–80. (In Russ.)].
  33. Малеев В.В., Полякова А.М., Кравченко А.В. Патогенетические механизмы нарушений системы гемостаза у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией. Эпидемиол. и инфек. бол. 2000; 3: 45–9. [Maleev V.V., Polyakova A.M., Kravchenko A.V. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hemostatic disorders in HIV infected patients. Epidemiol. i infek. bol. 2000; 3: 45–9. (In Russ.)].
  34. Stebbing J., Gazzard B., Mandalia S. et al. Antiretroviral treatment regimens and immune parameters in the prevention of systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22(11): 2177–83.
  35. Young N.S., Gerson S.L., High K.A. Clinical Hematology. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006: 505–79.
  36. Февралева И.С., Глинщикова О.А., Макарик Т.В., Судариков А.Б. Мультиплексная диагностика вирусов гепатитов В, С и парвовируса В19 у больных, получающих множественные гемотрансфузии. Гематол. и транс- фузиол. 2008; 53(4): 54–6. [Fevraleva I.S., Glinshchikova O.A., Makarik T.V., Sudarikov A.B. Multiplex diagnosis of hepatitis B and C viruses and parvovirus B19 in patients receiving multiple hemotransfusions. Gematol. i transfuziol. 2008; 53(4): 54–6. (In Russ.)].
  37. Судариков А.Б. Молекулярная диагностика вирусов гепатита С, В, G и парвовируса B19 у гематологических больных: Автореф. дис. д-ра … биол. наук. М., 2012. [Sudarikov A.B. Molekulyarnaya diagnostika virusov gepatita S, V, G i parvovirusa  B19 u gematologicheskikh bol’nykh: Avtoref. dis. … d-ra biol. nauk. (Molecular diagnosis of hepatitis C, B, G viruses and parvovirus B19 in hematological patients). Moscow, 2012.].
  38. Wu H., Kuritzkes D.R., Clemon D.R. et al. Characterization of viral dynamics in HIV type 1-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy: relationships to host factors, cellular restoration, and virologic end points. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 179: 799–807.
  39. Ganellos G.P., Lister T.A., Sklar J.L. The Lymphomas. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1998: 399–413.
  40. Armitage J.O., Cavalli F., Longo D. Annual of Lymphoid Malignancies. Taylor & Francis, 2000: 112–9.
  41. Navarro W.H., Kaplan L.D. AIDS-related lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 2006; 107(1): 13–20. 42. Little R.F. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: etiology, epidemiology, and impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Leuk. Lymphoma 2003; 44(3): 63–8.
  42. Gerard L., Galicier L., Maillard A. et al. Systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected patients with effective suppression of HIV replication: persistent occurrence but improved survival. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2002; 30: 478–84.
  43. Levine A.M., Seneviratne L., Espina B.M. et al. Evolving characteristics of AIDS-related lymphoma. Blood 2000; 96: 4084–90.
  44. Matthews G.V., Bower M., Mandalia S. et al. Changes in AIDS-related lymphoma since the introduction of HAART. Blood 2000; 96: 2730–4.
  45. Besson C., Goubar A., Gabarre J. et al. Changes in AIDS-related lymphoma since the era of HAART. Blood 2001; 98: 2339–44.
  46. Levine A.M. AIDS-related lymphoma. Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2006; 22(2): 80–9.
  47. Aboulafia D.M., Pantanowitz L., Dezube B.J. AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Still a Problem in the Era of HAART. AIDS 2004; 14(11): 605–17.
  48. Kadan-Lottick N.S., Skluzacek M.C., Gurney J.G. Decreasing incidence rates of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer 2002; 95: 193–202.
  49. Franceschi S., Dal Maso L., La Vecchia C. Advances in the epidemiology of HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms. Intern. J. Cancer 1999; 83: 481–5.
  50. Cinque P., Brytting M., Vago L. et al. Epstein-Barr virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AIDS-related primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. Lancet 1993; 342: 398–401.
  51. Oriol A., Ribera J.M., Esteve J. et al. Lack of influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection status in the response to therapy and survival of adult patients with mature B-cell lymphoma or leukemia. Results of the PETHEMALAL3/97 study. Haematologica 2003; 88(4): 445–53.
  52. Mounier N., Spina M., Gabarre J. et al. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final analysis of 485 patients treated with risk adapted intensive chemotherapy. Blood 2006; 107(10): 3832–40.
  53. Lim S.T., Karim R., Tulpule A., Nathwani B.N., Levine A.M. Prognostic Factors in HIV-Related Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma: Before Versus After Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23(33): 8477–82.
  54. Carbone A., Cesarman E., Spina M. HIV-associated lymphomas and gamma-herpesviruses. Blood 2009; 113(6): 1213–24.
  55. Simonelli C., Spina M., Cinelli R. et al. Clinical features and outcome of primary effusion lymphoma in HIV-infected patients: a single-institution study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 21: 3948–54.
  56. Menendez J.A., Lilien D.L., Nanda А. et al. AIDS-Related Lymphoma. Abstr. Hematol. Oncol. 2005; 8(1): 20–30, 68–70.
  57. Delecluse H.J., Anagnostopoulos I., Dallenbach F. et al. Plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity: a new entity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood 1997; 89: 1413–20.
  58. Gisselbrecht C., Mounier N. Treatment of relapsed and refractory Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. In: Education program of the 10th congress of the European Hematology Association, 2005: 182–5.
  59. Gisselbrecht C., Mounier N. Treatment of poor prognosis non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In: Education program of the 10th congress of the European hematology association, 2005: 160–5.
  60. Bower M., Gazzard B., Mandalia S., Newsom-Davis T. et al. A prognostic index for systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005; 143: 265–73.
  61. Feigal E.G., Levine A.M., Biggar R.J. AIDS-related Cancers and Their Treatment. Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000: 97–124.
  62. Little R.F., Gutierrez M., Jaffe E.S. et al. HIV-Associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: incidence, presentation, and prognosis. JAMA 2001; 285: 1880–5.
  63. Pauza C.D., Pyzalski R., Perlman S.B. et al. Positron emission tomography images of AIDS pathogenesis. Conf. Adv. AIDS Vaccine, 1997.
  64. Литвинов В.И., Макарова М.В., Краснова М.А. Нетуберкулезные микобактерии и микобактериозы. Эпидемиол. и инфек. бол. 2011; 6: 4–10. [Litvinov V.I., Makarova M.V., Krasnova M.A. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and mycobacteriosis. Epidemiol. i infek. bol. 2011; 6: 4–10. (In Russ.)].
  65. Литвинов В.И., Макарова М.В., Краснова М.А. Нетуберкулезные микобактерии. М.: МНПЦБТ, 2008. 256 с.  [Litvinov V.I., Makarova M.V., Krasnova M.A. Netuberkuleznye mikobakterii (Nontuberculous mycobacteria). Moscow: MNPTsBT Publ., 2008. 256 р.].
  66. Clarke C.A., Glaser S.L. Epidemiologic trends in HIV-associated lymphomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2001; 13: 354–9.
  67. Clarke C.A., Glaser S.L. Epidemiologic trends in HIV-associated lymphomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2003; 15: 267–90.
  68. Патологическая анатомия: национальное руководство. Под ред. М.А. Пальцева, Л.В. Кактурского, О.В. Зайратьянца. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. 1264 с. [Pal’tsev M.A., Kakturskii L.V., Zairat’yants O.V., eds. Patologicheskaya anatomiya: natsional’noe rukovodstvo. (Morbid anatomy: national guidelines). Moscow: GEOTAR-Media Publ., 2011. 1264 p.].
  69. Stebbing J., Marvin V., Bower M. et al. The evidence-based treatment of AIDS-related non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2004; 30: 249–53.
  70. Hartmann P., Rehwald U., Salzberger B. et al. BEACOPP therapeutic regimen for patients with Hodgkin’s disease and HIV infection. Ann. Oncol. 2003; 14: 1562–9.
  71. Antinori A., Cingolani A., Alba L. et al. Better response to chemotherapy and prolonged survival in AIDS-related lymphomas responding to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15: 1483–91.
  72. Chadburn A., Hyjek E., Mathew S. et al. KSHV-positive solid lymphomas represent an extra-cavitary variant of primary effusion lymphoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004; 28(11): 1401–16.
  73. Пивник А.В. Применение ритуксимаба у больных с ВИЧ-инфекцией. Клин. онкогематол. 2013; 6(1): 84–90.  [Pivnik A.V. The use of rituximab in patients with HIV infection. Klin. onkogematol. 2013; 6(1): 84–90. (In Russ.)].
  74. Lim S.T., Karim R., Nathwani B.N. et al. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma versus diffuse large cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23: 4430–8.
  75. Boue F., Gabarre J., Gisselbrecht C. et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus Rituximab in HIV patients with high grade lymphoma – results of an ANRS Trial. Blood 2002; 22: 470a (abstract 1824).
  76. Dunleavy K., Wilson W.H. How I treat HIV-associated lymphoma. Blood 2012; 119(14): 3245–55.
  77. Krishnan A., Molina A., Zaia J. et al. Durable remissions with autologous stem cell transplantation for high-risk HIV-associated lymphomas. Blood 2005; 105(2): 874–8.
  78. Sparano J.A., Wiernik P.H., Strack M. et al. Infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in human immunodeficiency virus- and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a highly active regimen. Blood 1993; 81: 2810–5.
  79. Cortes J., Thomas D., Rios A. et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. Cancer 2002; 94: 1492–9.
  80. Molina A., Zaia J., Krishnan A. Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Rev. 2003; 17: 249–58.
  81. Navarro J.T., Ribera J.M., Oriol A. et al. Influence of HAART on response to treatment and survival in patients with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydoxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone. Br. J. Haematol. 2001; 112: 909–15.
  82. Барях Е.А., Кременецкая А.М., Кравченко С.К. и др. Новый короткий высокоинтенсивный протокол терапии лимфомы Беркитта у взрослых ЛБ- М-04: промежуточные результаты. Гематол. и трансфузиол. 2006; 51(6): 45–9. [Baryakh E.A., Kremenetskaya A.M., Kravchenko S.K. et al. New abridged highly intensive protocol LB-M-04 for treatment of Burkitt’s lymphoma in adults: interim results. Gematol. i transfuziol. 2006; 51(6): 45–9. (In Russ.)].
  83. Барях Е.А., Звонков Е.Е., Кременецкая А.М. и др. Лечение Беркитто- подобной лимфомы у взрослых. Тер. арх. 2005; 7: 53–8. [Baryakh E.A., Zvonkov E.E., Kremenetskaya A.M. et al. Treatment of Burkittlike lymphoma in adults. Ter. arkh. 2005; 7: 53–8. (In Russ.)].
  84. Пивник А.В., Пархоменко Ю.Г., Криволапов Ю.А. и др. Соматические проблемы ВИЧ-медицины: СПИД-ассоциированные лимфомы. Онкогема- тология 2007; 3: 27–37. [Pivnik A.V., Parkhomenko Yu.G., Krivolapov Yu.A. et al. Somatic problems of HIV medicine: AIDS-associated lymphomas. Onkogematologiya 2007; 3: 27–37. (In Russ.)].
  85. Kaplan L.D., Lee J.Y., Ambinder R.F. еt al. Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase 3 trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium Trial 010. Blood 2005; 106: 1538–43.
  86. Kaplan L.D., Scadden D.T. No benefit from Rituximab in a randomized phase III trial of CHOP with or without rituximiab for patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkins lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium study 010. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2003; 22: 564 (abstract 2268).
  87. Krishnan A., Molina A., Zaia J. et al. Autologous stem cell transplantation for HIV-associated lymphoma. Blood 2001; 98: 3857–9.